Grammar: modals would

NOTE:

• We use would(d)/ wouldn’t when we imagine a situation or action (we think of sth that is not real):

E.g. It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can’t afford it.

I’d love to live by the sea.

We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (= things that didn’t happen):

E.g. They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we’d have done (=we would have done) without their help.

I didn’t tell Tom what happened. He whouldn’t have been pleased.

Compare would (do) and would have (done):

E.g. I would phone Sue, but I haven’t got her number. (now)

I would have phoned Sue, but I didn’t have her number. (past)

• Compare will (‘ll) and would (‘d):

E.g. I’ll stay a bit longer. I’ve got plenty of time.

I’d stay a bit longer, but I really have to go now. (so I can’t stay longer)

Sometimes would / wouldn’t is the past of will / won’t. Compare:

present	past
TOM: I’ll phone you on Sunday. ANN: I promise I won’t be late.	Tom said he’d phone meon Sunday. Ann promised that she wouldn’t be late.

• Somebody wouldn’t do sth = he / she refused to do it:

E.g. I tried to warn him, but he wouldn’t listen to me. (= he refused to listen)

You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past:

E.g. When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer we would all get up early and go for a swim. (= we did this regularly)

With this meaning, would is similar to used to.

8.	Write sentences about yourself. Imagine things you would like or you wouldn’t like. The first one is done for you.

1. (a place you’dlove to live) I’d love to live by the sea.

2. (a job you wouldn’t like to do) _____________________

3. (sth you would love to do) ________________________

4. (sth that would be nice to have) ____________________

5. (a place you’d like to go to) _______________________

6. (a singer, whose concert you’d like to go to) __________

9.	Complete the sentences using would + the verbs (in the correct form). The first one is done for you.

be

be

do

do

enjoy

enjoy

have

pass

stop

1. They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we would have done without their help.

2. You should go and see the film. You ________ it.

3. It’s a pity you couldn’t come to the concert yesterday. You ________ it.

4. Shall I apply for the job or not? What ______ you ______ in my position?

5. I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I ________ to talk.

6. We took a taxi home last night but got stuck in the traffic. It ________ quicker to walk.

7. Why don’t you go and see Clare? She ________ very pleased to see you.

8. Why didn’t you do the exam? I’m sure you ________ it.

9. In an ideal world, everybody ________ enough to eat.

10.	Each sentences on the right follows a sentence on the left. Which follows which? The first one is done for you.

1	I’d like to go to Australia one day.	a	It won’t be much fun.	1c
2	I wouldn’t like to live on a busy road.	b	It would have been fun.
3	I’m sorry the trip was cancelled.	c	It would be nice.
4	I’m looking forward to going out tonight.	d	It wouldn’t have been very nice.
5	I’m glad we didn’t go out in the rain.	e	It wouldn’t be very nice.
6	I’m not looking forward to the trip.	f	It will be fun.

11.	Write sentences using promised + would / wouldn’t. The first one is done for you.

1. I wonder why Helen is late. She promised she wouldn’t be late.

2. I wonder why Sam hasn’t phoned. He …

3. Why did you tell Jane what I said? You …

4. I’m surprised they didn’t wait for us. They …

12.	Complete the sentences. Use wouldn’t + a suitable verb. The first one is done for you.

1. I tried to warn him, but he wouldn’t listen to me.

2. I asked Amanda what had happened, but she ________ me.

3. Paul was very angry about what I’d said and ________ to me for two weeks.

4. Martina insisted on carrying all her luggage. She ________ me help her.

13.	These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Complete the sentences using + a suitable verb. The first one is done for you.

forget

help

shake

share

walk

1. Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room.

2. We used to live next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house ________.

3. George was a very kind man. He ______ always _______ you if you had a problem.

4. Brenda was always very generous. She didn’t have much, but she ________ what she had with everyone else.

5. You could never relyon Joe. It didn’t matter how many times you reminded him to do something, he ______ always ______.

14.



Describe the picture.

Afghanistan

LAUGHS PARADE

Importance of Being a Sportsman

“So you go in for sport? How are your successes?”

“Very good, indeed. I’ve got excused from all duties.”

Way out

“What’s the matter, sergeant? We have an inspection parade in ten minutes and men in the company are not yet shaved.”

“That’s all right, sir. I’ll give the command: ‘Gas masks – on’!”

Security Leak

“What do you want ten cigarette packages for, soldier?”

“We’re going to have a field exercise tomorrow.”

“It should last long?”

“It’s a military secret.”

“You are a heavy smoker, I see.”

“Not at all. I smoke a package a day.”

UNIT: 28

PEACEKEEPING

Lesson 8

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATION

1.

In this exercise we’ll concentrate on the words and word combinations to be sure you know what they mean

1	belligerent factions	The groups fighting in a conflict. Also called warring factions.
2	combatant	A fighter in a conflict.
3	disarmament, demobilization and re-integration	The process of taking arms away from former fighters and helping them return to civilian life.
4	forced entry	Peace operations where there is no consent from belligerent factions and where troops can expect to meet armed opposition.
5	guerrilla forces	Unofficial or irregular troops that operate in small, mobile combat groups and attack the official army.
6	humanitarian aid	Assistance given to people during or after a conflict or natural disaster. Also called humanitarian assistance.
7	non-combatant evacuation	Operations that relocate threatened civilians who are not involved in the fighting to secure areas.
8	peace-building operations	Operations that give support to civilian agencies in order to consolidate peace and avoid a return to conflict.
9	peace enforcement	Operations to re-establish peace. They are carried out under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and without the consent of belligerent factions.
10	peace support operations	All military operations where forces are deployed to a country at war to help create a secure environment and a lasting peace.
11	peacekeeping	Operations conducted to monitor the implementation of a peace agreement under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and with the consent of all parties.
12	warlord	A military leader who controls an area and operates outside the control of national government.

2.

Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.