Read the text new york

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New York is the largest city in the world and the biggest seaport It is the money centre of the United States (пул ишлаб чиқариш маркази). New York is situated in the north-east of USA in the state of the New York or the Empire State (империя штати).

In comparison with such ancient historical cities as Rome, Moscow, London or Paris, New York is quite young. It was founded in 1613 by Dutch settlers (Даниялик кўчманчилари). A Dutchman, Peter Minuit, bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum (бир бочка ром ичимлик). The Americans say that this was the best business ever made in New York In 1613 the Dutch had built only four small houses in Manhattan. New Amsterdam was the first name of the city. In 1626 it was renamed as New York after the name of Duke of York (Йорк герцоги). He was the commander of the English army.

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During the War for Independence New York was an important political centre and for five years from 1785 till 1790, the capital

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of the USA. It's area is 816 square kms.The population of New York numbers is million people, together with the population of its suburbs it comes to 16 million people (1970) (атрофи). It is a multinational city (кўп миллатли шаҳар). The people that live in it speak seventy-five different languages. Manhattan is the name of an island. It forms the heart of New York. The island is 13 miles long, 2 miles wide and lies at the mouth of the Hudson River (Гудзон дарёси). Population of Manhattan is about two million people. It is the heart of America's business and culture. The street got its name in the old days. In the past one of the Dutch governors of New Amsterdam built a wall across Manhattan to protect the colonists from the Indians (губернатори, ҳимоя қилиш). The wall was later broken down, but the name remained. Harlem - the largest coloured people ghetto is also in Manhattan (Гарлем). The houses are old and dirty, there are few schools and few hospitals. Like other cities New York is a city of deep social contrasts (чуқур социал қарама-қаршиликлар шаҳри).

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Read the texts and get information Chicago

Chicago is the second largest city in the United States. It is in the state Illinois (Иллинойс штат). The population of the city is about 4 million, together with the population of the suburbs it comes up to over 6 million people. Over 800.000 of them are Negroes. Chicago is often called «the most American» of all American cities and towns, and second largest (after New York) industrial centre (кўп америкаликлар яшайдиган). It lies on the banks of lake Michigan.

Chicago is not a very old city. It was founded in 1848, when the first English settlements appeared on the territory of present-day Chicago (кўчиб келувчилар, ҳозир). The city has quickly

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grown in the last 125 years due to the great number of newcomers (янги келувчилар ҳисобига). Like New York and other large American cities, Chicago has two diffirent parts: the centre, with its sky-scrapers and rich and comfortable houses on the Golden shore of Lake Michigan and districts Chicago are the country's greatest railway centres. There thirty-eight railroads meet. It has also the largest stockyards in the country and the largest gram market (мол ҳайдайдиган жой, катта бозор).

THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE USA

	HIGHER EDUCATION - ОЛИЙ ТАЪЛИМ
VEAR	POST DOCTORAL STUDY
7	Dl	D	D
6
5	Ml	M	M

4	Bl University	Bl Technological schools	B Teacher's college	B Other profes­sional schools	B Liberal Arts Colleges	A.A. A.S.Junior Colleges
3
2
1

	SECONDARY SCHOOL - ЎРТА ТАЪЛИМ
12		3 year Senior
11		High school
10	6 year Junior-Senior		4 year
9	High school	3 year Senior	High school
8		High school
7

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ELEMENTARY SCHOOL - БОШЛАНҒИЧ TAЪЛИМ

6 5 4 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 3 2 6 or 8 years 1

AA.=A.S.=Associate Degree (Мухбир аъзолик унвони, номзоди)

В — Bachelor's Degree (бакалавр унвони)

М — Master's Degree (Магистрлик унвони)

D — Doctor's Degree (Докторлик унвони)

THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

HIGHER EDUCATION Олий таълим COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY (from 18 years or later) SECONDARY EDUCATION Ўрта таълим Senior High School (from 15-18 years of age) Юқори ўрта мактаб Junior High school (from 12-15 years of age ) Қуйи ўрта таълим

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION Бошланғич таълим Elementary or Grade school (from 6-12, 14 years of age).

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THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE USA.

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (from 6 to 12 years of age)

American children begin to go to school at six. The first school is called elementary school. The pupils have lessons every day, except Saturdays. The children come to school at 8. 30 and each class gathers in its homeroom (ўзларининг махсус хонаси). There the teacher on duty calls the names of the children, after which they all pledge allegiance to the American flag and sing patriotic songs (содиқликка ишонтириш). Then lessons begin. Each lesson lasts half an hour. At 10.30 children return to the homeroom. There they have milk and crackers (юпқа печенье).

At 11 o'clock they have a lesson of writing. There are about one hundred pupils in a big classroom and three teachers. One teacher uses a technical aid, she writes the new words and her writing is reflected on the wall of the room.

As she writes the teacher speaks into a microphone so that all the pupils can hear her.

Her two assistants walk about the classroom and correct the children's writing.

At 11.50 the pupils return to their homeroom and prepare for lunch. They eat from 12 to 12.30 after which they have 20 minutes of physical training on the playground.

After that they have one more lesson. This is a lesson of nature study and that is the end of the school day. It is half past one and all the children go home.

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