I. Learn the history of the united states of america

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1. Indians in north america

Индеецлар — ҳиндулар

Before the first Europeans came to NORTH America there were people living there. They had a red skin (тери; тана). The white men called them Red men or Indians.

The Indian tribes were never united because their life was different in different parts of the country (қабилалар). In the woods of the North-east there were many animals and fish in the rivers. The Indians there hunted and fished. They also grew corn for their food (маккажўҳори).

In the South the Indians grew tobacco. It was new to the white men. In the West there were many buffaloes (қўтос-буйвол). These animals gave the Indians meat and skins. Out of buffalo skins the Indians made clothes and covered their houses or the wigwams (-дан, вигвам индеецлар уйининг томи усти).

Answer the questions

1. What people lived in North America before the Europeans came?

2. Why were they not united?

3. What did the Indians do in the North East?

4. What did they plant in the South?

5. What did the buffaloes give the Indians ?

6. What did the white men do to the Indians?

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2. The settlement of the white men to north america

Three countries of Europe were interested in the discovery of America (қизиққан). They were Spain, France and England.

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Spain sent Christopher Columbus to discover a new way to the East (Христофор Колумб). With three small ships he sailed for three months and in October 12, 1442 he saw a land (сузди).

He thought it was India and gave the name”Indians” to the red skin men living there. But it was an island not far from the coast of North America (қирғоқ).

Many other sailors went to America (денгизчилар). The Italian seaman, Amerigo Ves Pucci was one of them. He and his men explored the coast of South America and discovered the Bay (кўрфаз) of Rio de Janeiro or River January. They named the place after the month in which they had found the bay. In one of his letters to his friends Amerigo wrote that the new land he had seen must be a new world. After the publication of those letters the new land was named after him-America, the land of America (эълон қилингандан сўнг).

Spain, France and England sent many seamen to North America. The Spanish came there to look for gold , silver and other metals. The French began a trade in animal skins with the Indians (савдо сотиқ). The English came to live and to work there. There were English, French and Spanish colonies in North America in the 16th and 17^th centuries.

Answer the questions

1. What countries were interested in the discovery of America?

2. What land did Christopher Columbus discover?

3. Whom was America named after?

4. Why was it named after Amerigo Ves Pucci?

5. Why did many countries try to discover new land?

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The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776 at Philadelphia. The US was at first made up of 13 colonies. These colonies fought with England and became free. After they obtained their freedom they were called states. They were: New York, Pensylvania, Massachussetts, New Hampshire Rhode Island,

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Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and Georgia. Now there are 50 States in the United States: District of Columbia with the capital Washington, territories of: Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, Virginia Island (West Indies) and Samoa and Guam Islands. The Civil war began in 1861 and ended in 1865. The causes of the Civil War were slavery (қулчилик) and the doctrine of States right The result of the Civil War was the abolition of (тақиқланган, йўқ қилиш) slavery and the preservation of the Union of the United States (сақлаш). In 1863 President Abraham issued "The Emancipation" Proclamation (озод қилиш). The Federal Government, Judicial Branch, the highest court of the US is the Supereme Court, located in Washington, District of Colombia. Supreme Court has one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices (судья). Altogether Justices are not elected they are appointed by the President with the advice and consent (маслаҳатлашиш) of the Senate.

. The members of the Supreme Court appointed for life. The duties of the other courts of the US are: to decide civil cases (ишлар) and to punish all persons breaking (бузганлар) the laws of the US. The duties of the Supreme Court of the US are to hear and pass on appeals (озод қилиш) from the interior (ички) courts of the US, to hear and pass on appeals from the State courts of appeals in cases involving the constitutional questions etc. The head of the city-city government is the Mayor. The City Council makes the laws for the city. The Constitution of a city is called a Charter. City laws are Called Ordinances (кўрсатмалар, декретлар).

READ THE TEXT THE MAYFLOWER

Ландиш - гул.

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It was in 1620, in the time of King James I. English people did not like their king, they called him «The Foolish King of England» (Англиянииг энг тентак қироли). Many of them even left England and went to live in the other countries.

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In September 1620. a small ship the Mayflower left England (Ландиш-гул бу ерда кеманинг номи). There were about one hundred people on a board of the ship, but even for this hundred the ship was too small (бортида). For seven long weeks the Mayflower sailed through the storms of the Atlantic Ocean and at last the people saw a land. It was North America.

It was raining and a cold wind was blowing (совуқ. шамол эсаётганди). Sixteen men left the Mayflower and went a shore (қирғоққа тушишди). In the evening they came back to the ship and brought some corn with them (дон). They found the corn on the coast where the Indians had left it. Nobody in Europe had seen corn then, but when the people on board the «Mayflower» tried it they liked very much (Мазасини тотиб кўришганди).

Next day was Sunday and everybody on the Mayflower had a rest. On Monday some men went ashore again and this time they took some women with them. The women went to wash the clothes. Since that time Monday has been the wash-day in America (кир ювиш куни).

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It was a cold winter and people were ill. The sailors began to build villages there. By January 1621 there were two villages, streets there. The white people called it New Plymouth (Плимут шаҳри). In winter the people began to die. But when the houses were ready, the life of the people became easier (яшаш осонроқ). Indians came to their houses and learned to speak English a little. The Indians called the sailors «Yankee» (янки). Since that time Yankee had been the name of a white man in America. After some time they became friends. The Indians helped the white men very much.

But in spite of their help the white men began to take the land away from the Indians and to kill them. One day in autumn the white men wanted to make a holiday dinner. They invited red men to this dinner. Red men came there with wild turkeys as a present (ёввойи куркалар). It was an American bird. The people of new Plymouth called their holiday «Thanksgiving Day» (Шукрона қиладиган, раҳмат айтадиган кун). Since that time Thanksgiving Day has been a national holiday in the USA. So the Americans have always turkeys for the Thanksgiving Day.

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