7.4 Phase diagrams

A binary phase diagram is composed from the cooling curves of alloys with various compositions. For an alloy with a particular composition there are two points on the curve where a cooling rate is affected. The first point corresponds to the temperature at which the alloy begins to solidify. On the phase diagram this point belongs to the Liquidus line. The second point corresponds to the temperature at which the entire liquid has solidified. On the phase diagram this point belongs to the Solidus line. This diagram dispays the complete liquid and solid solubility of two component otherwise known as a binary isomorphous system. This occurs when the components have the same crystal structure and approximately the same radii, electro negativity and valence. For instance, systems of Ni-Cu and Ag-Au exhibit this type of diagram. At the temperature T₁ for an alloy of 50%M + 50%N: Composition of solid solution a is determined at point c - 30%M +70%N. Composition of Liquid is determined at point a - 80%M +20%N. % Liquid = bc/ac • 100% = (70-50)/(70-20) В· 100 % = 40% % a = ab/ac • 100% = (50-20)/(70-20) В· 100 % = 60% The following diagram displays the complete liquid and limited solid solubility of two components otherwise known as the binary eutectic system. There are two solid phases (solid solutions): a - rich in the component M and b - rich in the component N. At point O (Eutectic point) three phases (one liquid and two solid phases) coexist simultaneously at the eutectic composition and temperature. Line bd or the Solvus line protrays the change of the maximum concentration of component M in component N. At the temperature T₁ the maximum concentration M in N is 10%. The highest possible solubility of the component M in component N (and vise verse) is found at the eutectic temperature. On the diagram this constant temperature line goes through the eutectic point O. All alloys with composition along line ab comprise the eutectic structure which alternates layers of a and b phases. The closer the alloy to the eutectic composition, the higher amount of the eutectic it contains. The solidified alloys within line ab is a mixture of a grains precipitated prior to the eutectic reaction and grains of the eutectic. While the alloys on the right from point O - mixture of b and the eutectic grains.

7.5 Heat treatment of metals and alloys

Heat treatment is a technological process involving the heating a metal part, holding it at a certain temperature and then cooling it to room temperature in order to attain desirable properties. The heating temperature is varied depending on type of heat treatment and material employed. The graph displays the temperature range of heat treatment for steel. Tempering is applied to quench hardened parts in order to reduce brittleness and residual stress while increasing toughness. Additionally, the hardness and strength are decreased while the ductility increases with any increase of the tempering temperature. The colors that appear on a steel surface as the result of oxidation also differ with the temperature. The colors may be used as indicator to attain desirable properties. In plain carbon steel the maximum obtainable hardness is a function of the carbon content. A higher hardness can be obtained by increasing the carbon content. Cooling rate is an important parameter of hardening. By increasing the cooling rate of steel the resultant material becomes harder. The cooling rate depends on cooling medium and also the size and geometry of the piece. The fastest cooling is achieved using water, followed by oil and then air. Quenching agitation restrains the formation of a vapor coating on the surface of the piece in both water and oil and thus a higher cooling rate is attained. A round bar quenched from one end will show varying hardness along its length as the cooling rate changes. Hardenability describes the speed of this transformation. The hardness of steel with a high hardenability will change less rapid than that of steel with a low hardenability. The alloying of steels increases their hardenability because the alloying elements permit more martensite to form at a given cooling rate. Age hardening involves three stages: 1. An alloy is heated above the solvus line ab and held untill a homogeneous solid solution a is obtained. 2. Rapid cooling the alloy to preserve supersaturated solid solution. 3. Reheating the alloy to allow precipitation of very small crystals of the b phase. The age hardening of alloys whose composition are located to the left of point a is impossible due to the inability to form a supersaturated solid solution. Annealing is often used to soften a metal hardened through cold working in order to allow consequent forming. By combining drawing and annealing a fine wire can be drawn from a thick wire.