• “Know where to find the information and how to use it – That’s the secret of success.” Albert Einstain

• “Information is a source of learning. But unless it is organized, processed, and available to the right people in a format for decision making, it is a burden, not a benefit.” William Pollard quotes

• “Knowing a great deal is not the same as being smart; intelligence is not information alone but also judgment, the manner in which information is collected and used” Dr. Carl Sagan quotes

• “Information is the seed for an idea, and only grows when it's watered.” Heinz V. Bergen quotes

• “Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family.” Kofi Annan quotes

• “The library connects us with the insight and knowledge, painfully extracted from Nature, of the greatest minds that ever were, with the best teachers, drawn from the entire planet and from all our history, to instruct us without tiring, and to inspire us to make our own contribution to the collective knowledge of the human species.”

• “To read a book for the first time is to make an acquaintance with a new friend; to read it for a second time is to meet an old one.” Chinese saying

• “The most technologically efficient machine that man has ever invented is the book.” Northrup Frye

• “We are drowning in information and starved for knowledge.” Kofy Annan

• A university is just a group of buildings gathered around a library.” Shelby Foote

8. Work in groups. Complete this questionnaire for yourself. Then take turns in your group to explain how to perform each of these actions.

Do you know …	yes	no
how to use Brainboost search engine?
how to conduct field search?
how to find sites that have phrase ‘information literacy’ in the title?
what can save you time when you are searching for necessary sources?
where to look for information on popular science topics?
how to quickly check the authority of the site?
how to check the reliability/accuracy of the page?
what you need to find a particular book in a library catalogue?
how to differentiate information Web page from an advocacy one?
how to understand the purpose of the Web site?

8. Think of a popular science book/article you have read recently in English. Fill in the Reading Report below.

Reading Report

General information

Title of text

Author (if known)

Where did you find it?

Information from the text

Main idea(s):

What is text about? (Give a brief summary in the present tense)

New phrases and words:

Your opinion of the book / article: (Was it easy/difficult for you?)

Did you find the subject interesting? Why?/Why not?

Would you recommend this book/article?

Each one teach one

1. Searching for a book or an article in a library or web catalogue you should know a number of special terms as well as have efficient searching skills, which means saving your time and energy.

2. Work with a partner. Hold a competition and brainstorm about 10 terms to do with the library search.. Compare the lists. Cross out the terms that are on the both lists. Explain the meaning of the rest of the terms.

Example: a call number, bibliography, etc.

Self study

The battle for your mind at your fingertips If you are like most students, you are relying heavily on resources from the Web for your research. Not all Web resources are created equal. If fact, there are great variations in the quality of the resources you access. The rule of thumb is "when in doubt, doubt." When you carefully select your resources, when you understand their strengths and limits, you create better products. Making smart choices about the information you find is just like making other choices- it really helps to know your options. Your task is able to create a resource (a poster, a handout) for your fellow students to use in the library or the classroom to help them to evaluate websites on their own. QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU: What are the types of Web pages? How do they differ? What are the criteria for a Web page evaluation? Make a list of at least 10 questions you need to answer to evaluate a web page.Make a resource for your fellow students. You can do this in the form of a handout, a poster, a checklist, etc. Make it by hand or on the computer. Be creative and have a good time! Remember, this is something you are going to share with your peers. Make sure you include all of the following in your resource: a) who made it- the names of everyone in your group; b) a creative title; c) at least five criteria/10questions to ask when evaluating a web site. SITES TO SEARCH: http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation The Internet is not the only information option. Remember that journals, books, videos and other sources are available as well. Evaluating information is a skill you will be using throughout your lifetime.

“The most remarkable discovery ever made by scientists was science itself”

Jacob Bronowsky

Learning Objectives

The objectives of this module are:

• to express opinions in arguments and discussions

• to do information search, note taking and reporting

• to use different speech patterns and collocations to avoid repetition

• to make notes and develop them into a composition

• to revisit the Past Tenses

• to use special linking words and expressions for coherency in writing and speaking

Unit 1 Necessity is the mother of invention

Lead In

1. Read the dictionary entries from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English for the words ‘discovery’ and ‘invention’. What is the difference between them?

discovery n 1[C] a fact or thing that someone discovers that was hidden or not known about before: recent archeological discoveries | make a discovery Astronomers have made significant discoveries about our galaxy… 3 [U] the act of discovering something: [+ of] The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the economy.

invention n 1[C] a useful machine, tool, instrument etc that has been invented: The dishwasher is a wonderful invention. 2 [U] the act of inventing something: The invention of a computer has revolutionized the business world.

2. Here is a list of significant inventions and discoveries. Sort them out into two columns. Compare and discuss your lists with a partner.

e. g. X-rays e. g. telescope

metric system, magnetic compass, gunpowder, heredity, periodic table of

elements, seismograph, gravity, the slide rule, geological time scale, natural

selection, electricity, cartogram, icebox, the South Pole, steam engine, radio,

telephone, photography, microscope, penicillin, Richter scale, Przewalski's

horse, barometer.

3. Which areas of scientific study or technology do they belong to? Which of them are used in more than one natural science?

Focus on language

1. Look at the list of the inventions:

metric system telescope compass thermometer microscope

Each of the words below relates to one or more inventions above. See how many of them you know and can translate into Russian language. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

to contain	to determine	image
concave	magnification	to observe
direction	liquid	to insulate
to measure	constellations	to multiply
angle	decimal	chamber
component	to expand	volume
mercury	to focus	unit

2. Work with a partner. Take turns to describe the purpose of each invention.

Example: Metric system (decimal, system, to measure, meters, hours, kilograms,

etc.)

• The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures which / that is used to measure time, distance (length) and mass. It is based on millimeters, centimeters, meters; seconds, minutes or hours; grams or kilograms, etc.

• The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures for measuring time, distance and mass. It uses millimeters, centimeters, meters; seconds, minutes or hours; grams or kilograms, etc.

• The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second. Its main function is to measure time, distance and mass.

a) Icebox (old-fashioned cupboard, large blocks of ice, to keep things cold)

2. Microscope (device, to magnify, small objects, to examine, lenses,

scientifically)

2. Compass (tool/device, to find, magnetic north, suspended needle, to point to direction)

3. Thermometer (device, to measure, to rise, to fall, graduated glass cylinder, line, water, temperature, air, mercury, people’s body, to move up or down, coloured alcohol, to contain)

e) Telescope (instrument, cylindrical, to enlarge, to observe, stars, planets, lenses, mirrors)

Reading

1. Each of the following extracts describes a particular invention mentioned above, but some key words are missing. Can you work out what the invention is? Check your guesses as a class. Mark the words that helped you to identify the invention.

a) The earliest _______ were simple wooden containers that were built without a clear comprehension of the principles of refrigeration or insulation. However, by the 1850s manufacturers had determined how to extend the usefulness of the _______ and were utilizing air currents in the ______ chambers.

b) A ______ is an instrument containing a freely moving ______ element that displays the ______ of the ______ component of the Earth’s magnetic field at the point of observation. The ____ ____ is an old Chinese invention used for navigation.

c) The earliest simple ______ was a tube with a ______ for the ______ at one end and, at the other, a lens that gave a ______ less than ______ ten ______ ten times the actual size. About 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting with several lenses in a ______, discovered the ______objects appeared greatly enlarged.

d) A Cassegrain ______ is a wide-angle ______ with a concave mirror that receives ______ and focuses an image. A second mirror ______ the light through a ______ in the primary mirror, allowing the eyepiece or camera to be

______ at the back of the tube.

e) The first and still most widely used measuring instrument is the simple ‘liquid-in-glass’ ______. The volume of ______ expands when hot so that increasing ______ is indicated by extension of the column of ______ in the glass stem of the ______.

f) The importance of the ____ ____ is that its various units possess simple and logical relationships among themselves. In the ____ ____ the main unit of distance is the ______. Other units of ______ are always obtained by multiplying the ______ by 10. Thanks to our system of writing ______ this means that conversations of the ______ to another within the ____ ____ can be carried out by shifts of a ______ point.

Focus on language

International words vs “False friends” The words mostly of Greek and Latin origin that are used in many other languages especially in different areas of science and technology are called international words, e.g. geometry, atom, mathematics, radio, integral, theorem, structure, etc. Knowledge of such words helps a lot in reading and translation. However, there are so called ‘false friends”. These are words that look like international but have different meanings in English and in Russian, e.g. to utilize (to use; make work or employ (something) for a particular purpose, etc.), actual (real, existing in fact, etc), spectacles (a pair of eyeglasses, etc.