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Focus on language

  1. Match each verb on the left with the noun/noun phrase on the right. Refer

back to the text if necessary.

to comprise

knowledge

to lay

the first atlas of stars

to measure

universal knowledge

to establish

the city

to discover

the length of solar year

to calculate

the rules of geometry

to promote

scholars and humanists

to organise

the foundations

to conquer

manuscripts

to inspire

rationality, tolerance, understanding

to share

the diameter

  1. Read the following sentence from the text. Which part of it is emphasized?

    • It was at the library that Archimedes invented the screw-shaped water pump that is still in use today.

Emphasizing: cleft sentences

Compare these sentences:

1. We need an educational, scientific and cultural centre for the transmission and sharing of knowledge.

2. What we need is an educational, scientific and cultural centre for the transmission and sharing of knowledge.

In (2) the object of the sentence is made more important. We can use What…be in this way to emphasize the subject or object of a sentence.

Now compare these:

3. Archimedes invented the screw-shaped water pump that is still in use today.

4. It was Archimedes who invented the screw-shaped water pump that is still in use today.

5. It was the screw-shaped water pump that Archimedes invented.

We can use It is/was …that/who to emphasise almost any part of a sentence.

Practice

1. Rewrite these sentences to emphasize the words in italics:

  1. The Web allows you to access information through a browser.

  2. Professional journals contain many graphs and charts but a few exciting

  3. Periodicals are usually published on a quarterly basis.

  4. I like our professor’s sense of humour.

  5. The language of a scholarly language uses specialized vocabulary of the discipline.

  6. Aristarchus was the first person to state that the earth revolves around the

sun.

2. Change these sentences as shown in the example:

Example: He’s not studying chemistry, he’s studying biology.

It’s not chemistry he’s studying, it is biology.

  1. Newspapers provide articles each day about current events, magazines don’t do it.

  2. An encyclopedia is usually expensive, but not a dictionary.

  3. Kate is a real bookworm, but her brother Tim hardly reads anything except for comics and thrillers.

  4. I’m not looking for a lot of information on the topic, I’m trying to find historical information.

  5. Anthony was excluded from the college for cheating in exam, not Jack.

  6. I think you need computer maintenance manual; it’s absolutely useless reading a textbook.