Topical vocabulary

Affect – влиять

Encompass – охватывать

Metropolitan – столичный

Retire – уходить в отставку

Assign – назначать

Enforce – принуждать

Municipal – городской

Rural – сельский

Bailiff – бейлиф

Endanger – угрожать

Operate – действовать

Security – безопасность

Catch – ловить, хватать

Experience – опыт

Patrol – патруль

Serve – служить

Chief – начальник

Fire – пожар

Penalty – наказание

Sheriff – шериф

Constable – констебль

Headquarter – штаб

Personnel – штат, персонал

Staff – штат

Crime – преступление

Illegal – нелегальный

Prevent – предупреждать

Thief – вор

Customs – таможня

Immigration – иммиграция

Prison – тюрьма

Traffic – уличное движение, транспорт

Detect – расследовать

Inquiry – расследование, рассмотрение

Property – собственность

Tranquility – безопасность

Detention –заключение под стражу

Investigate – расследовать

Protect – защищать

Uniform – униформа

Discourage – озадачивать

Jail – тюрьма

Provision – обеспечение

Weapon – оружие

Duty – обязанность, долг

Maintain – поддерживать

Reliance – доверие

UNIT 7. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES.

TEXT A. What is a crime?

A crime is an act (or sometimes a failure to act), deemed by statute or by the common law to be a public wrong and is therefore punishable by the state in criminal proceedings. Every crime consists of an actus reus (преступное деяние) accompanied by a specific mens rea (преступное намерение) (unless it is a crime of strict liability), and the prosecution must prove these elements of the crime beyond reasonable doubt. Some crimes are serious wrongs of a moral nature (e.g. murder or rape); others interfere with the smooth running of a society (e.g. parking offences). Most prosecutions for crime are brought by the police (although they can be initiated by private people); some require the consent of the Attorney General. Crimes are customary divided into indictable offences (for trial by judge and jury) and summary offences (for trial by magistrates). Crimes are also divided into arrestable offences and nonarrestable offences. The punishments for a crime include death (for treason), life imprisonment (e.g. for murder), imprisonment for a specific period > suspended sentences of imprisonment, conditional discharges, probation, binding over, and fines; in most cases judges have discretion in deciding on the punishment. Some crimes may also be civil wrongs.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Найдите соответствия английских и русских выражений

Public wrong Условное освобождение

Suspended sentence Требовать согласия

Reasonable doubt Общественное правонарушение

Punishable by a state Преступление, подлежащее рассмотрению в суде

То have discretion Традиционно делимый

Life imprisonment Условное наказание

Conditional discharge Преступление, преследуемое в порядке суммарного производства

То be customary divided Наказуемый государством

Indictable offences Обладать свободой действий

То require the consent Пожизненное заключение

Summary offences Разумное сомнение

Ex.2 Заполните таблицу пропущенными словами обозначенных частей речи.

A NOUN AVERB AN ADJECTIVE

Tо act

Prosecution

To arrest

Civil

Crime

Private

Ex.3. Выберите правильное завершение предложения

1. A crime is an act deemed to be.........

a) a public boon, b) a public wrong, c) a public statement

2. Every crime consists of.......

a) public wrong accompanied by a specific intent, b) human rights violation accompanied by a man's cry, c) physical damage accompanied by destroying of a building.

3. The prosecution must prove.......

a) the elements of chemical composition, b) the elements of the offence, c) the elements of the design.

4. Most prosecutions for crime are brought.......

a) by the army, b) by the judge, c) by the police.

5. Crimes are also divided into..........

a) soft and harsh, b) punishable and nonpunishable, c) arrestable offences and nonarrestable

Ex.4. Отметьте звездочкой (*) правильные утверждения

1. A crime is an act or omission considered to be a wrong by the legislature (...). 2. A crime is an act punishable by the government in criminal proceedings (...). 3. The prosecution must prove such elements of a crime as a criminal act and criminal intent (...). 4. Crimes are customary divided into indictable offences and summary offences (...). 5. Murders or rapes are deemed to be serious wrongs of a moral nature (...). 6. Crimes are divided into arrestable offences and nonarrestable offences (...). 7. The punishments for a crime include various forms of treating with the law-breaker (...)• 8. The judges have no discretion in deciding on the punishment (...) 9. Most prosecutions for crime are brought by the private citizens (...). 10. Summary offences are required the trial examining exercised wsby judge and jury (...).

Ex.5. Ответьте на вопросы

I What is a crime? 2. What structures is a crime punishable by? 3. How is a crime punished by a state? 4. What may the punishment for a crime include? 5. What are the obligatory components of a crime?

Ex.6. Дайте краткое изложение содержания текста

TEXT В. Classification of crimes.

In many Western jurisdictions crimes are divided into two categories - crimes against a person and crimes against property. Besides there are some alternative approaches to classify crimes due to the object of criminal activity (child abuse), to the way of commitment (organized crimes), the doer of criminal act (white collar crimes) etc. Due to the US crime index one crime is committed every 2 seconds in the country; one violent crime is committed every 17 seconds (particularly, murder - every 22 seconds, forcible rape - every 5 seconds, robbery - every 49 seconds, aggravated assault - every 30 seconds), one property crime is committed every 2 seconds (particularly, burglary - every 10 seconds; larceny or theft - every 4 seconds; auto vehicle theft - every 19 seconds).

Violent crimes. An offence category that, according to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), includes murder (homicide, assassination, suicide), rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Because the UCR depends upon reports (to police) of crimes, the "official statistics" on these offences are apt to reflect inaccurately the actual incidence of such crimes.

Murder – although the exact definition of murder varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, it is generally considered to be the crime committed when a person of reasonably sound mind kills another human being without any justification or excuse in law, with malice, aforethought, expressed or implied.

Homicide - the killing of one human being by the act, procurement or omission of another.

Assassination - a murder committed by a person hired to kill the victim.

Assault - the attempt, offer, or threat to do injury to another person which is unjustified and unlawful.

Rape - sexual intercourse with a woman or another man without their consent, as a result of physical force or threat.

Kidnapping - the abduction of a person and the unlawful removal of that person to a place where the victim is illegally detained.

Property crimes. An offence category that, according to FBI's UCR program, includes burglary, larceny, auto theft and arson.

Burglary - breaking and entering the building of another person with the intent to commit a crime therein, whether or not the crime is actually committed, Larceny - taking and carrying away one's person property without his consent and with the intent to deprive the owner of the property.

Arson - the intentional or reckless destruction or damaging of property bi fire without a lawful excuse. Arson carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Theft - the fraudulent taking of personal property owned by another, from the possession of the owner or from a person who holds possession for the owner. Automobile theft - the taking of the vehicle of another without authority. Also referred to as motor vehicle theft

Pick-pocketing щ an act of stealing secretly some items or value from another person, particularly from his/her pocket.

Shop-lift - the act of stealing goods on display from a store.

Crime in the field of economy. This category of crimes involves unlawful acts that have a bad effect on economic positions of the country - counterfeiting, forgery, white collar crimes, organized crime, embezzlement, etc.

Counterfeiting - the fraudulent imitation of money; the copying or forging without any right or authority, with the intent to deceive by claiming or inferring that the item forged is original or genuine.

White collar crime - any violation of legal codes in the course of corruption activity. Such crimes are usually characterized by a lack of valance.

Organized crime - a continuing criminal conspiracy highly structured in a form not unlike that of large business enterprises. The successes of such enterprises is often contingent upon the corruption of governmental officials and the involvement of legitimate business people who consider that cooperation with organized crime is a cost of doing business.

Forgery - the crime of falsely making or altering, with the intent to defraud, any instrument or writing which, if it had been genuine, would be of some value or have some legal standing.

Embezzlement - the fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been entrusted or into whose hands the item has been lawfully placed by another or by reason of his judiciary position.

Fraud - a deceitful act committed with the intent to deprive another person of something that is lawfully his or to do injury to the other person. It may be either actual or constructive.