ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2

Дополнительные материалы

Для специальности

«Юриспруденция»

Text 1

Что Вы понимаете под словом «закон»? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

What Is Law?

The word «law» refers to limits upon various forms of behav­iour. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by pre­scriptive laws, laws which prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast driv­ers should drive. Some of such laws are customs, that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. And some of them are precise laws made by individual nations, governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.

The purpose of government-made laws is social control (with­out laws there would be anarchy in society) and the implementa­tion of justice. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law.

The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. But the law today is, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively inde­pendent national systems. Despite major revisions over the centu­ries, the legal system of England and Wales is one of the oldest still operating in the modern world. English law has directly influ­enced the law of former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part in everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. In addition, although the legal systems of Western Europe and Japan come from rather different traditions, there are enough similarities in principle and institution.

Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. But it should be said that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Com­mon Law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth coun­tries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of

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continental Europe, Latin America and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan's legal system. In these countries Continental systems have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of precise, detailed codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen's life.

Text 2

Какие слова и термины из области правопорядка и преступлений Вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Law, Order, Crime

When somebody breaks the law and does something against the law the police must investigate who is responsible for a crime. If they find the person who committed the crime, they arrest him or her. At the police station the person is questioned and charged with the crime. He must then be sent to court for trial.

The person charged with the crime is now called the defendant or accused. In court, he must try to prove that he is innocent. The jury listens to all the evidence for and against the defendant and then makes their decision.

If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge will give the sentence. For example, if a person is convicted of murder, the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomes a prisoner and the place he lives in is called a cell. For minor of­fences (that is, crime that is not serious, e.g. illegal parking), the punishment is usually a fine. To fight crime the courts now give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences). There is capital punish­ment (death by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. If a per­son convicted of a crime is put on probation, instead of punishment, he must behave well for a period of 1-3 years. If he is convicted of another crime while on probation, he will also be pun­ished for the original crime. Suspended sentence¹ is a prison sen­tence of less than two years which does not take effect unless the convicted person commits another crime during the period speci­fied by the court. Corporal punishment consists of causing a person to physical pain, e.g. by whipping. A community service order² is a court order to a person convicted of a crime to do a certain number of hours of work without pay in the local community instead of an­other form of punishment.

Common offences like theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting; more serious offences such as murder, manslaughter and rape, crimes against public morals, pollution and traffic offences are aris-

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ing every day in the courts. Thief, robber, burglar, shoplifter, mur­derer, rapist are criminals.

People who defend criminals and present evidence are called barristers (lawyers) or attorneys (in Am Eng).

Notes to the Text

Suspended sentence — отсрочка исполнения приговора или наказания

community service order — направление на общественные работы

Упражнение 1. Поставьте следующие события в правильной последова­тельности.

You are convicted of an offence.

You are sentenced to punishment for an offence.

You are tried for an offence.

You are suspected of an offence.

You plead guilty or not guilty to an offence at the trial.

You are arrested for an offence.

You are accused of an offence (You are charged with an of­fence).

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.

1. The ... must decide if the accused is innocent or ... 2. The po­lice were sure the man was a ... , but it would be difficult to ... it in court. 3. Two months later the defendant was sent to court for ... 4. If the accused is convicted of rape, the ... may be at least ten years in ... 5.... defend people and present... 6. If you park your car illegally, you will have to pay a ... 7. In Britain it is ... the law to drive a motor vehicle without insurance. 8. Fortunately, it was only a minor ... and we were not taken to the police station. 9. The ... sentences people. 10. I have never ... the law and ... a crime. 11. Police are allowed to stop anyone in the street and ... them.

Упражнение 3. Подберите к словам и словосочетаниям в колонке А соответствующие по значению из колонки В.

А В

wrong a. punishment

ask questions b. provide facts

commit a crime с kill someone by intention

arrest d. question

evidence e. investigate

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sentence f. kill someone by accident

theft g. break into a shop / house

rob h. take to the police station

burgle i. steal from a shop when open

steal j. steal from people or places

shoplift k. break the law

murder 1. illegal, against the law

manslaughter m. information about the crime

capital punishment n. stealing

try to find out what hap- o. take

pened p. death sentence

16. prove

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски.

1. We think the driver of a BMW will be charged with ... be­cause he did not mean to kill the boy. 2. Did he kill his partner? Yes, he has been charged with ... 3. He took the money from women's bags. He has been charged with ... 4. She stole things from a supermarket, so she will be charged with ... 5. Two boys have been charged with ... because they broke into a shop in the middle of the night and took money.

Упражнение 5. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания близкими по значению словами или словосочетаниями.

1. If someone commits a crime, the police must try to find out what happened. 2. When the police find the persons responsible for the crime they take them to the police station and ask them a lot of questions. 3. To reach their decision, the jury must listen carefully to the information about the crime for and against the accused. 4. It was only a minor offence and a driver had to pay money. 5. If you do something wrong, then you commit a crime. 6. Death sentence is a comparatively rare event now. 7. What can government do to stop crime?

Упражнение б. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и суще­ствительных из колонки В.

А В

make a. the sentence

commit b. of the crime

break с against the law

give d. the law

listen to e. decisions

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be charged f. the evidence

be convicted g. with the crime

do smth. h. a crime

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски антонимами.

guilty ... lawful ...

illegal ... usual, common

minor ... right

Упражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Law and order, crime».

В. Speak about:

Individual actions necessary to prevent a crime from happen­ing (to stop a crime).

Capital punishment for some crimes.

Do you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knife in self-defence?