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MECHANICAL WORKING PROCESSES

The shaping of metal by mechanical means in either the hot or cold state is called mechanical working. In mechanical working processes the metal is shaped by pressure. This excludes machining or grinding, and the casting of molten metal into a mould. Mechanical working processes include rolling, drawing, extrusion, smith forging, die forging and press working.

The initial materials for the mechanical working of metals are ingots and billets of various cross sections and weights.

Mechanical working involves the plastic deformation of either cold or heated metal by the external action of special tools such as mill rolls, forging dies, flat hammer dies or extruding dies. Mechanical working changes the shape and dimensions of the billet but the volume of a metal shaped remains substantially constant throughout the process.

The plasticity of a cast metal having a coarse-grained dendritic structure proves to be less than that of a metal which had undergone deformation and has, therefore, a more fine-grained structure. As a rule, the ductility of a metal increases with temperature, and its resistance to deformation is reduced.

The rate of deformation in mechanical working affects the plasticity of the metal in various ways. An increase in the deformation rate within a definite limit is accompa­nied by a decrease in plasticity. A further increase in this rate, after a certain point, improves the plasticity.

The degree of deformation, both in hot and, especially, in cold working, must be maintained within known limits. Rates exceeding the upper limit lead to the formation of cracks, tears and other discontinuities in the metal.

The type of stressed state and the type of deformation also affect the ductility of the metal being shaped in the course of mechanical working operation. In the various mechanical working processes there are usually two different stressed state systems: (I) three-dimensional compression of the metal when compressive stresses act along all the three axes, as in smith forging, closed-die forging, rolling and extrusion; and (2) three-dimensional stressed state of the metal when compressive stresses act along two axes and a tensile stress along the third, as in drawing. Metal has a higher ductility in the first system of stressed state than in the second.

The three systems of deformation to which metal is most frequently subjected in mechanical working are (I) compressive strain along one axis and tensile strain along the two others; (2) compressive strain along the first axis, tensile along the second and none along the third, and (3) compressive strain along two axes and tensile strain along the third.

Завдання № 2.

Віднайдіть у тексті та випишіть 10 інтернаціоналізмів, 10 термінів і термінологічних словосполучень, дайте їх переклад українською. 5 балiв

Завдання № 3. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях відповідними словами, обраними серед

поданих нижче: 5 балiв

Ingots, metal, ductility, compression, volume.

1. The … of a metal shaped remains substantially constant throughout the process.

2. The … of a metal increases with temperature, and its resistance to deformation is reduced.

3. … has a higher ductility in the first system of stressed state than in

the second.

4. … and billets of various cross sections and weights are initial materials for the mechanical working of metals.

5. Three-dimensional … of the metal includes compressive stresses acting along all the three axes.

Завдання № 4.

Утворiть речення, використовуючи записанi нижче слова:

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1. Mechanical, of, changes, working, and, dimensions, the, billet, the, shape.

2. By, shaped, is, in, mechanical, the, metal, working, processes, pressure.

3. A, point, increase, deformation, further, in, the, rate, a, certain, the, plasticity, after, improves.

4. Metal, system, ductility, a, higher, stressed, second, than, in, the, first, of, state, in, the.

Завдання № 5.

Дайте відповіді на питання за текстом: 5 балiв

1. What is mechanical working?

2. What does mechanical working involve?

3. What does the rate of deformation in mechanical working affect?

4. What are the three systems of deformation to which metal is most frequently subjected in mechanical working?

5. What do mechanical working processes include?

Завдання № 6.

Перекладіть запропонованi речення, звертаючи особливу увагу на рiзнi значення видiленого слова:

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1. The sun was shining in my FACE.

2. My watch has a black FACE.

3. FACE the class.

4. A prism is a body having two opposite FACES equal and parallel.

Завдання № 7.

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Machine-tools; step-cone head; plain bearings; cross-section area; fitting; tolerance;

faceplate; thrust washers; bed; gear teeth; to cut threads; face plate; turret lathe; automatic screw machine; upright drilling machine; spindle; to mount smth; milling nachines; rotating cutters; gear drive; jack screw; spacing washers; locking nut; shaper; to lubricate with oil; tap; planer; slotting machine; rack-and-pinion drive; dog clutches.

Загальна максимальна рейтингова оцінка: 52 бали

ВАРІАНТ № 19.