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THE FORGING AND PRESSWORKING OF METALS

The processes of reducing a metal billet between flat dies or in closed impression die to obtain a part of predetermined size and shape are called smith forging or closed-die forging, respectively.

Smith forging, also called flat-die and open-die forging, usually requires preheating of the metal. Smith forging performed in a press or hammer is called press or hammer forging. Smith forging, done by hand or an anvil, is employed only to shape a small number оf light forgings, chiefly in repair shops. Heavy forgings weighing up to 350 tons, as well as medium forging in small batches, are produced exclusively in hammers and presses. The initial material in smith forging may be ingots, blooms or rolled billets of various cross sections and lengths.

Forging hot metal in impression dies includes such processes as closed-die or drop forging, press forging, and machine or upset, forging. It must be distinguished from the pressworking of sheet metals which is usually done in the cold state.

In closed-die forging the flow of the metal is restricted by the shape of impressions in a die manufactured beforel hand for the given job. The metal is suitably heated before forging. In this case it is called a hot forging process.

The dies used in drop forging consist of two mating halves which, when assembled, form one or several internal cavities, called die impressions. So-called drop forgings, obtained by this process, can be produced in a wide rang of sizes and shapes. Drop forging is most commonly employed for the mass or large-lot production of parts of steel or nonferrous metals of a weight up to 350 kg.

The highly efficient production of die forgings in mechanical forging presses of the crank type is known to have found wide application in forging practice of the last 25 years.

The character of metal deformation in press forging is considered to be substantially different from that of hammer forging. One blow of the hammer works the metal only in the surface layers of the forging so that deformation does not effectively penetrate into the volume of the metal.

Forging dies for crank presses are designed so that the forging is formed in several operations in preliminary impressions. At the same time, the number of impression is held to a minimum. It is good practice to employ shaped forging blanks.

Завдання № 2.

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Forging, metal, deformation, dies, press.

1. The … does not effectively penetrate into the volume of the metal.

2. The … used in drop forging consist of two mating halves which, when assembled, form one or several internal cavities.

3. Smith forging performed in a press is called … forging.

4. The process of reducing a metal billet between flat dies to obtain a part of predetermined size and shape is called smith ...

5. The … is suitably heated before forging.

Завдання № 4.

Утворiть речення, використовуючи записанi нижче слова:

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1. Heated, is, metal, forging, which, a, before, suitably, forging, the, is, hot, at, process.

2. Cold, in, pressworking, metals, state, done, sheet, usually, is, the, of.

3. The, preheating, flat-die, requires, metal, forging, of.

4. Held, to, the, number, a, minimum, is, impressions, of.

Завдання № 5.

Дайте відповіді на питання за текстом: 5 балiв

1. What is forging?

2. What does forging hot metal in impression dies include?

3. How are forging dies for crank presses designed?

4. What does smith forging require?

5. What is drop forging employed for?

Завдання № 6.

Перекладіть запропонованi речення, звертаючи особливу увагу на рiзнi значення видiленого слова:

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1. He was really the IMAGE of his father.

2. I was frightened by my own IMAGE in the mirror.

3. Danny had drawn an IMAGE of her in his mind.

4. She is likely to change her IMAGE.

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Machine-tools; step-cone head; plain bearings; cross-section area; fitting; tolerance; faceplate; thrust washers; bed; gear teeth; to cut threads; face plate; turret lathe; automatic screw machine; upright drilling machine; spindle; to mount smth; milling nachines; rotating cutters; gear drive; jack screw; spacing washers; locking nut; shaper; to lubricate with oil; tap; planer; slotting machine; rack-and-pinion drive; dog clutches.

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ВАРІАНТ № 18.