Exercises

1. Which of these capital cities are the capitals of independent states: Edinburgh, Belfast, Dublin, Cardiff, London?

2. Make up sentences from these words:

1. crosses, the flag, made up, is, of, three, of, the UK.

2. suburbs, the population, mostly, lives, in, and, towns, cities, their. And.

3. 1000, more, the House of Lords, than, has, members.

Dialogue 1

• Hi, John. This is Tim. I’m calling from Oxford.

• From Oxford? What on earth are you doing there?

• I’m on holiday. You know, Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called Oxbridge to denote an elite education.

• How is the weather in Oxford? Rainy, isn’t it? It always rains in England. I mean most of the time.

• No, not really. The weather is warm and sunny now. I hope, a spell of good weather set in.

• How do you like the city?

• Oh, it’s beautiful. It has many places of interest. I got to know that lots of great men studied at Oxbridge – Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Milton, the poet, Oliver Cromwell, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and Kapitza, the famous Russian physicist.

• Are you having a good time?

• Yes, I am. I really like the place.

• Good. Thanks for calling me, Tim. Have а good time in Oxford.

• Thank you, John. Bye.

Dialogue 2

Planning a holiday.

• Where shall we go for our holiday this year, Alex?

• How about Turkey, Helen? It’s cheap and it’s very warm there.

• I’d prefer something more exciting this year. Have you heard about holidays in Scotland?

• I prefer lying on a beach to mountaineering.

• But we spend every year lying on a beach and I’d like to do something different this time. I’d rather not go anywhere so crowded.

• Well, probably you’re right. They say in Scotland many valleys between the hills are filled with beautiful lakes called Lochs. The best known is Loch Ness where as some people think a large monster lives.

• Oh, it’s so interesting to see it. Besides, Glasgow is also the home of two well known football clubs: Glasgow Rangers and Celtic.

• We can go and be in time to see the Highland games held in the northeast, best known for the athletic events, whilst the best piping is traditionally found in the highlands and islands off the west coast.

• OK. So we’re going to Scotland, aren’t we?

• That’s right.

Грамматика Инфинитив. Инфинитивные конструкции.

Инфинитив –неличная форма гл., обозначающая действие или состояние безотносительно к лицу , его совершающему.

Инфинитив в английском языке происходит от отглагольного сущ. Типа русских отглагольных сущ. бегание, прыгание, разговариванние. В древнеанглийском языке инфинитив имел все свойственные существительному морфологические и синтаксические функции, в частности изменялся по падежам. Свойство это имеет след в наличии современных двух форм инфинитива: без частицы to- инфинитива, происходящего из формы именительного падежа, и с частицей to-инфинитива, происходящего из формы дательного падежа (work- to work).

Синтаксические функции сущ. сохранились у инфинитива в настоящие время.

1. Инфинитив может быть п о д л е ж а щ и м в предложении:

To sleep in the open air is more than pleasant? It is healthy.

To walk uphill was rather difficult.

To wait there was his only way out.

To speak much was not necessary.

2. Инфинитив может быть п р я м ы м д о п о л н е н и е м:

He likes to write with a fountain-pen.

My sister asked me to go there with her.

I told them not to wait for me.

3) Инфинитив может быть именной частью речи составного сказуемого (предикативным членом):

Her dute is to answer all letters.

To go there meant to break the promise.

To study well is to receive good sound knowledge.

Our task –was to look after the smallest children.

У инфинитива есть глагольные функции в предложении.

1) За инфинитивом следует прямое дополнение :

I like to read interesting stories.

To write this letter at once is absolutely necessary.

They wanted to buy flowers for their classroom.

2. Инфинитив определяется наречием:

The old woman tried to walk quickly, but failed.

It is necessary to study systematically.

2. Инфинитив может всходить в состав сложного сказуемого:

He must work very hard.

You ought to write her a letter.

My friend could do this work quite well.

2. Инфинитив имеет формы времени и залога:

Active Voice Passive Voice

Indefinite write be written

Continuous be writing

Perfect have written have been written

Perfect Continuous Have been writing

Инфинитив имеет ещё другие синтаксические функции. Инфинитив может быть:

1) о п р е д е л е н и е м, заменяющим определённое придаточное предложение:

I have brought you an interesting story to read (=which you can read)

Captain Petrov was the last to leave the ship (= who left the ship).

You will remember these words for many days to come (=which will come).

2. о б с т о я т е л с т в о м цели , заменяющим обстоятельственное предложение цели:

She brought you fountain-pen to have no difficulty in writing(= lest she should have difficulty in writing).

They went there early to get good tickets (= so that they might get good tickets).

3) о б с т о я т е л с т в о м результата, заменяющим обстоятельственное предложение результата :

The box was too heavy to be lifted (=so heavy that it couldn’t be lifted)

She was too young to study at school (=so young that she could not study at school).

2. В составе с л о ж н о г о д о п о л н е н и я , т.е. в конструкции прямого дополнения + инфинитив ,которая обычно переводится на русский язык

придаточным дополнительным предложением :

The saw him fall. Они увидели, что он упал.

I don’t want you to go there. Я не хочу, чтобы вы пошли туда.

We have never heard the girl sing. Мы никогда не слышали, чтобы эта девушка пела.

My sister made me accompany her. Моя сестра заставила меня сопровождать её.

а) Инфинитив с частицей to употребляется в большом количестве случаев:

I like to play football. I went to the sport ground to play.

б) Инфинитив без to употребляется в следующих случаях:

1) B конструкции сложного сказуемого после модальных глаголов can, must, may, shall,will,do:

He can play the violin.

She must be here at once.

You may leave the room.

2) В следующих выражениях had better, had best, would have, would rather, would sooner, does nothing but…, need scarcely (only, hardly):

You had better consult the dictionary.

He would rather stay here.

3. В сложном дополнении, после глаголов see, hear. Watch, feel, make,let,:

I saw him play football

Have you heard her recite the poem?

He watched his little son build a sand castle.

The teacher made them copy the exercises.

Let me go, please!

4. После глаголов help, know, также употребляется и инфинитив с частицей to:

My brother helped me (to) do my homework.

I’ve never known her (to) be late before.

В страдательном залоге эти глаголы be known, be helped употребляются с частицей to: