79. Give the full information about subordination and coordination.

Coordination-syntagmatic relation of independence . coordination can be observed on the phrase , sentence and a text levels. coordination may be symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric coordination is characterized by complete interchangeability of its elements-pens and pencils. Asymmetric coordination occurs when the position of elements is fixed: ladies and gentleman. Forms of connection within coordination may be copulative (you and me), disjunctive(you or me), adversative (strict but just) and causative –consecutive.

Subordination-syntagmatic relation of dependence. subordinations are established between the constituents of different linguistic rank. They arte observed on the phrase and sentence level, subordination may be of three different kinds –adverbial,(to speak slowly), objective (to see a house) and attributive(a beautiful flower) . forms of subordination may also be different –agreement (this book-these books), government(help us)adjournment (the use of modifying particles just, only, even, etc)and enclosure(the use of modal words and their equivalents really,after all, etc)

80. Define the classification of the sentence according to the purpose of utterance.

The sentence is a minimal unit of communication. From the viewpoint of their role in the process of communication sentences are divided into four types, grammatically marked: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences. These types differ in the aim of communication and express statements, questions, commands and exclamations respectively.

Dickens was born in 1812. When shall I see you again? Do you know Italian?

Come up and sit down. What a quiet evening!

These types are usually applied to simple sentences. In a complex sentence the communicative type depends upon that of the main clause, as in:

I waited till the light turned to green. (statement)

Do you always wait till the light turns to green? (question)

Wait till the light turns to green. (command)

How thoughtless of you not to have waited till the light turned to green! (exclamation)

81. The problems of negative sentence.

Both structural and communicative types of sentences fall into affirmative sentences and negative sentences. A sentence is made negative by the particle not which is the most widely used negator. It is put immediately after the auxiliary or modal verb. The negator not has two forms: uncontracted and contracted. The former occurs mainly in formal English; the latter is usual in informal (conversational) English. There are two possible forms of negation contraction: one is when the operator is contracted and the negator uncontracted, and the other is when the negator is contracted but the operator is used in its full form.

Positive	Negative
	Uncontracted	Contracted
They’ve come.	They have not come.	They’ve not come. They haven’t come.
Tom is arriving tomorrow.	Tom is not arriving tomorrow.	Tom isn’t arriving tomorrow. Tom’s not arriving tomorrow. (The 1st form is more common.)
You ought to have come.	You ought not to have come at all.	You oughtn’t to have come at all.

Note that the contracted negative forms of can and will are can’t and won’t and the uncontracted negative of can is cannot. The corresponding forms of shall are shall not and shan’t.

He will be late. I can come early. I shall come early.

He will not be late. I cannot come early. I shall not come early

He’ll not be late. He won’t be late. I can’t come early. I shan’t come early.

Only the full negative form is possible for the first person singular of the verb to be in declarative sentences, I'т not late, the form ain’t being used only in dialects and uneducated forms of English. However, the verb contraction I'т is possible.

If the predicate verb is in the present or past indefinite, the auxiliary do is used with not to form the negative.