13. Translate the word combinations.

the man’s earliest invention, particular types of ships, ships for specific purposes, the range of ship sizes, gigantic oil tankers, a system of lighting and ventilation, cargo handling facilities for loading and unloading cargo, a special type of cargo, special refrigerating holds, nearly all ships, watertight superstructure, the extreme forward and after ends, near the chart-room.

14. Match the synonyms.

1)	only		a)	to house
2)	to fit with		b)	thanks to
3)	to erect		c)	capability
4)	due to		d)	merely
5)	force		e)	to equip
6)	capacity		f)	to build
7)	to accommodate		g)	power
8)	to stow		h)	stem
9)	bow		i)	to pack

15. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. What elements of the hull do you know? 2. What is the function of the double bottom? 3. What superstructures of a ship are mentioned in the text? 4. What is the function of a passenger ship? 5. What special accommodations does any passenger ship have? 6. How can we recognize cargo vessels? 7. What holds are made for carrying such kinds of cargo as fruit and meat? 8. Where are navigation aids located?

A Ship

1. The boat in various forms was one of the man’s earliest inventions. The many different kinds of cargo which need to be transported have resulted in the development of particular types of ships for specific purposes. The range of ship sizes is very great indeed, from the gigantic oil tankers to the smallest harbour tugs.

2. The main part of the ship is the hull. The ends of the vessel are the bow and the stern. The lowermost part of the hull is called the bottom, the part topping the hull is the deck, there are also two sides, starboard and port-side. Fuel oil and water are stored in the double bottom. All the ships must have accommodation for their crew, a system of lighting and ventilation.

3. Since the function of passenger ships is to transport passengers, special cabins, dining saloons, galleys are necessary for this type of ships.

4. Vessels which are designed to carry cargo must have holds and cargo handling facilities for loading and unloading cargo. The type of the cargo ship depends on the cargo to be carried. In case of a special type of cargo such as fruit, meat and other perishable goods, special refrigerating holds are made to stow it.

5. In order to improve seaworthiness and provide additional accommodation nearly all ships have superstructures. The watertight superstructures erected at the extreme forward and after ends of the ship are called the forecastle and the poop respectively. The topside structure built about amidships is called the navigating bridge.

6. Every ship is fitted with modern navigation aids. They are instruments and devices employed in navigating the ship. You can find them in the wheel-house and the chart-room on the navigating bridge. Ships are also supplied with the radio to ensure safety of navigation and human life at sea. The radio-room is also on the navigating bridge deck near the chart-room.

The propulsion machinery is housed in the engine-room.