22. Read and translate the text. The First Stays First

The main business line of the Almaz Bureau is design and modular upgrading of original high-speed ships and boats for the Russian Navy. However, after recent restructuring due to the merger with the Western Design Engineering Bureau the range of the offered ships has extended to include minesweepers, rescue vessels, and various docks. Some orders are also coming from abroad and by today there are already over 400 Almaz-designed ships operating in 26 countries. Original Zubr-type air cushion landing ships have been delivered to Greece, modernization programmes have been carried out on missile boats earlier supplied to India and Algiers.

The Mirage hovercraft has established a world speed record in her class. One should especially pay attention to SES ships, which are essentially air-cushion catamarans. These designs feature novel engineering solutions and propulsion plants.

Traditional advantages of designs offered by the Almaz Bureau are their world-best-quality weaponry and the tightness of weapon “packing” on the platform, as well as efficiency / price ratios.

Among the civilian products one could mention fast ferries, floating docks and commercial air cushion vehicles.

Today the Almaz Design Bureau is quite confident in its future: there are good opportunities for further development, and at the moment the company is installing a new advanced CAD / CAM system.

23. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the prepositions at the end of relative clauses.

1. The woman you gave the book to is my aunt. 2. The novel which we talked about is being made into a movie. 3. Please don’t lock the classroom I want to teach in. 4. We’ve just bought the coach you’re sitting on. 5. I am going to meet the woman I practice French with. 6. I have a list of people I should write to. 7. The teacher I borrowed the book from wants it back. 8. The town he comes from is very small. 9. The movie is being made from the book we talked about yesterday. 10. What kind of fuel do you heat your house with? 11. He’s the one you should feel sorry for. 12. What college do you want to go to? 13. The man you work for/with has been in the business for years. 14. The door you came in/out is only for use during a fire.

Grammar: Reported Speech. Sequence of Tenses

Direct speech – Tom said “I am (I’m) feeling ill.”

Reported speech – Tom said (that) he was feeling ill.

Sequence of Tenses

He lives in New York. I thought that he lived in New York (живет).	Одновременное действие
She is sleeping. I knew that she was sleeping (спит).	Одновременное действие
He bought a new car. I heard that he had bought a new car (купил).	Предшествующее действие
He will send us a letter. I supposed that he would send us a letter (отправит).	Последующее действие

a) Say and tell

If you say who you are talking to, use tell:

• Tom told me (that) he didn’t like Nick.

Otherwise use say:

• Tom said (that) he didn’t like Nick.

You have to say:

• Tom told us (or me / them / Ann etc.) about his trip to America.

If you don’t say who he told, you have to say:

• Tom talked (or spoke) about his trip to America.

b) Sometimes time and place words from direct speech have to be changed in reported speech, depending on the context.

Direct speech	Reported speech
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
… ago	… before
this …	that …
here	there
last year	the year before
next …	the following ..

— We’re leaving for London tomorrow. (direct) →Kate said they were leaving for London the next day. (reported)

• It’s here. (direct) → He said it was there. (reported)

c) We use the infinitive in reported speech for orders and requests:

He said, He told me He asked me

“Keep quiet! Don’t make noise!” to keep quiet and not to make noise.

d) When a question is reported, the word order changes.

direct	The policeman said to me, “Have you got a driving licence?”
reported	The policeman asked me if (or whether) I had a driving licence.