1. Make up questions with the following cues and answer them.

1. To provide / on the racetrack / was / what company / eager / its products?

2. KN / about / you / do / what / remember?

3. In 1914 / was / the Gyro / a successful / model?

4. Were / the body work / what / and / made of / the windshield section?

2. Match the abstract nouns with their meanings:

efficiency	using styles that are different from traditional styles
modernity	the process of becoming an area that has a lot of industry
optimism	working well without wasting time or energy
consumerism	the belief that good things will happen
streamlining	improving the shape of something so it moves more easily
industrialization	the buying and selling of goods and services

3. Complete the table with the information needed:

Gear	Function
first gear
reverse gear
top gear
neutral gear

4. Match English word combinations with their equivalents in Ukrainian

   cylinder wall	спричиняти зношування двигуна
   to start the car moving	заводити машину
   to cause the engine to wear	система охолодження
   to make the water cool	охолоджувати воду
   to transmit straight to the wheels	передавати прямо на колеса
   to be cooled by air	змащувальна система
   lubricating system	рухатися вперед та назад
   propeller shaft	стінки циліндра
   cooling system	карданний вал
   to move backwards and forwards	охолоджуватися повітрям

5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the Infinitive used.

1. To simplify the operating sequence, we will assume that our engine has only one cylinder.

2. To transmit the power of the engine to the road wheels is the purpose of the transmission system.

3. The function of the valve spring is to return the valve to its seat.

4. The suspension system has to include shock absorbers or spring dampers. These smoothly restrict the up-and-down movement of the springs to give a more level ride.

5. The vehicle fails to accelerate properly when the accelerator pedal is depressed.

6. The internal combustion engine to be used in this car is of a new design.

7. The engine to be installed in this car is very powerful.

8. The results to be expected are of great importance.

6. Can you compare men and women drivers? Who causes more accidents? Do you think the driving test should be more or less difficult and how would you change it? Do you think the speed limits for cars should be lower? Think of an incident in your life or from a film, a book or TV programme. Name the events leading up to the incident. What are the consequences of that incident?

   Text 13.

THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE

(C) Herbert Austin set up his own company, called Austin and by the early 1920s it was one of Britain’s most important carmakers. Clearly a big idea was needed. Salvation came along when Austin proposed to ‘motorize the common man’ with a very small, economical car. He might have been inspired by the many cheap-to-buy ‘cycle cars’ being offered by enterprising French companies, but this type was not quite what he had in mind. Instead, he wanted to make a car with none of the compromises. Austin worked with a talented draftsman called Stanley Edge. They created what became the Austin Seven. It offered 4 seats, 4-cylinder engine and 4-wheel brakes. It became the world’s leading small car. The battle for the world land speed record entered an extraordinary phase in 1922, when aircraft engines became the favored method to push the boundaries of speed. In 1920 a V12 engine was installed in a Sunbeam chassis to produce a car with record-breaking capabilities. Redesigned to produce 350hp engine was given shaft-drive to the rear wheels – much safer than the dangerous chains that could sometimes break and injure the driver. Campbell painted it blue and named it ‘Bluebird’.

He took the land speed record after the car had received crucial aerodynamic modifications in 1924.

A 2-wheeled car was what the Monotrace purported to be, although, with its ‘stabilizer’ wheels either side of its narrow, tandem 2-seater body, it was hardly a claim that stands up. Its single-cylinder engine was concealed in its tail, driving the rear-wheel via chains through motorbike gearbox. The driver, sitting behind a tiny windshield, steered using an enormous hybrid of a steering wheel and motorbike handlebars. The stabilizer wheels were retractable, but on the Monotrace they were on outriggers that could be raised and lowered from the cockpit using a lever and came complete with their own tiny fenders.

In 1934 Austrian chief engineer Hans Ledwinka brought together his expertise in air-cooled engines and intelligent chassis design, with a newfound enthusiasm for aerodynamics. At Tatra’s core was a welded box-section chassis, a sort of metal backbone with a forked extension at the back to cradle the air-cooled, overhead-camshaft V8 engine designed especially for this car. The entire power pack, gearbox included, could be easily unbolted and detached for repairs. With the mechanical elements at the rear, Ledwinka could concentrate on excellent streamlining – the first in a long line of luxury cars. Some of them had a small frontal area; a windshield angled at 45 degrees and carefully sculpted air intakes on the body sides and on the long, tapering tail, to cool the engine as it drove along.