- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
Word-composition is the type of word-formation, in which new words are produced by combining two or more ICs, which are both derivational bases: 1) bases that coincide with morph. stem; 2) with word-form; 3) with word-groups. Degrees of complexity: 1) simple (weekend); 2) derived (letter-writer); 3) compound (aircraft-carriage).
Classification (Zykova, classification from the lecture is underlined):
1. acc. to the relations b/w the ICs:
a) coordinative - the two ICs are semantically equally important:
- reduplicative (fifty-fifty);
- formed by joining the phonetically varied rhythmic twin forms (zig-zag, walkie-talkie);
- additive - built on stems of the independently functioning words of the same POS (actor-manager);
b) subordinative - the ICs are neither structurally nor semantically equal in importance but are based on the domination of the head-member (POS of the compound is inherited from the head) - endocentric;
c) exocentric - after the composition acquire new meaning (redneck).
2. acc. to the POS: nouns (maidservant), adjectives (heart-free), pronouns (somebody), adverbs (nowhere), verbs (to bypass);
3. acc. to the means of composition:
a) without connecting elements (headache);
b) with the help of vowel or a consonant (handicraft, speedometer);
c) with the help of linking elements represented by preposition or conjunction stems (brother-in-law);
4. acc. to the type of bases:
a) c. proper - formed by joining bases built on the stems or on the word-forms w/ or w/out a linking element (door-step);
b) derivational c. - formed by joining affixes to the bases built on the word-groups or by converting the bases built on the word-groups into other parts of speech (long-legged → (long legs) + -ed; a turnkey → (to turn key) + conversion).
Criteria:
the unity of stress (on the first syllable: ‘black ‘board (n) - ‘blackboard (adj); rule loses its validity with the compound adjectives which have two equal stresses, e.g. grey-green, newborn, easy-going, deep-purple);
solid or hyphenated spelling;
semantic unity;
formal unity (the unity of morphological and syntactical functioning of a compound word).
15. Shortening. Blending.
Shortening is the formation of a word by cutting off a part of the word.
Mechanisms:
initial (or aphaeresis): fend (v) < defend, phone < telephone;
medial (or syncope): specs < spectacles, fancy < fantasy;
final (or apocope): lab < laboratory, exam < examination;
both initial and final: flu < influenza, fridge < refrigerator.
Types:
acronym - an initial abbreviation that is read as if it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an ordinary English word (UNO, AIDS);
initialism - an initial abbreviation with alphabetic reading (BBC);
partial abbreviation - only one word is abbreviated (a-bomb);
graphic abbreviations (e.g. - for example, TX - Texas);
clipped forms: simple (caps - capital letters, demo, intro, ad), complex (Interpol - International police, sci-fi).
Blending (telescoping) is a type of compounding by means of merging parts of words into new one word.
Types:
additive (transforms into a phrase using ‘and’): slanguist (slang+linguist), bit (binary+digit), smog (smoke+fog);
restrictive (transforms into an attributive phrase): socialife (social life), positron (positive electron).
Mechanisms:
telescoping non-clipped stems (cinema+actress=cinemactress);
juxtaposing clipped stems (toy+cartoon=toytoon);
overlapping clipped stems: (beef+buffalo=beefalo).