- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
Non-semantic criteria:
1. Alphabetic:
a) rhyming/verse classification (the words are organized in the alphabetic order but starting from the end of the word).
2. Frequency (for language learner’s purpose).
3. Morphological:
- acc. to the № and type of morphemes the words are composed of (root words; derivatives (root + affix); compounds; compound derivatives);
- acc. to the common root morpheme/word families (e.g. “hand” – “handy”);
- acc. to the common affix.
4. Functional (acc. to lex.-gramm. grouping, i.e. into notional and form words: NV can stand alone in speech, separate meanings; FW express gramm. relations b/w words.)
Semantic criteria:
1. Structural: mono-& polysemantic words.
2. Stylistic: formal, neutral, informal.
3. Semantic unity of words – free words, phraseological units & proverbs and sayings.
4. Lexical-semantic – w. of the same part of speech belong. to same sem. sphere (V of motion).
5. Thematic – group of w. associated together, i.e. the things the word denotes are connected in reality – semantic and extralinguistic criteria (collective names for people – the youth, etc.)
6. Ideographic – groups of w. regardless of their grammatical meanings, like in Thesaurus by Roget – all lexical units are divided into 15 classes, further subdivided into subclasses (body & senses; feelings; place & change of place; measure & time; living things; natural phenomena; behavior & will; language; human society & institutions; values & ideas; arts; occupations; sports & amusements; mind & ideas; science & technology).
6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
A system is a set of elements associated & functioning together acc. to certain laws.
An adaptive system is one capable of self-adapting in response to changing environment.
Ways to influence the language:
each individual influences the language;
intrinsic diversity (synonymy, polysemy, various means of word-formation);
non-linearity and phase transition (grammaticalization: OE cunnan ‘know’ → ModE ‘can’);
dependence on social structure;
adaptation to human brain;
adaptation to cultural, political, social changes (political correctness, new inventions).
Obsolete words: archaisms (a new way to call the denotat appeared; >100 years): -th in 2nd person singular - grammatical; thee, morn - morning, niman - take - lexical; OE deer ‘animal’ - ModE deer ‘a kind of animal’ historisms (denotat disappeared): carriage, sword.
Neologisms (<20 years). Reasons to appear: advanced technologies (wifi), fashion, clothing, footwear (rollneck), political reasons (Brexit). Source: intralinguistic coinage (morphological derivation) - childfree, change in meaning - mouse (a device), borrowing (sushi).
7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
The English vocabulary contains the native element and the borrowed elements.
The native element: Indo-European, Germanic and English proper (boy, girl, lord, lady) - words which were not borrowed from other languages. The number of native words is rather small, ~25%-30%. ~70% of words - borrowed.
PIE:
kinship terms: father, daughter;
most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, stone;
animals and plants: goose, tree;
parts of the human body: ear, foot;
concrete physical properties and qualities: hard, quick, red, white;
numerals from one to hundred;
pronouns: I, you, he, that; most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit.
Germanic:
parts of human body: head, arm;
periods of time: summer, week;
natural phenomena: storm, ice, earth;
garment: hat, shirt;
abstract notions: care, evil, life, need;
notional verbs: bake, burn, learn, see;
colour, size, other properties: dead; deaf, grey;
adverbs: down, out, before.
Native words for the most part are characterized by:
1. a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency and high frequency value (e.g. the verb 'watch' - OE waeccan = can be used in diff. sentence patterns, with or without object and adv. modifiers and can be combined w/diff. classes of words);
2. a developed polysemy (watch (n) 'a small clock to be worn', 'the act of watching', 'a person or ordered to watch a place or a person', etc.);
3. a great word-building power (watch-dog, watcher, watchful, watchfulness, watch-out, watchable);
4. the capacity of forming PU (to be on the watch, to keep watch, to watch one's back).