- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
Borrowed aspect:
phonetic borrowings (loanwords proper) - b. with their spelling, pronunc. and meaning; then undergo assim., each sound is subst. by the corresp. sound of the b. language, in some cases spelling, structure is changed (Fr: labour, travel, table, chair; Ru: sputnik; It: soprano, duet);
morphemic - ones of affixes which occur in the lang. when many words with identical affixed are borrowed from one lang. into another, so that the morph. str. of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borr. lang. (Romance affixes: -ess, -ful);
semantic - a new meaning is borrowed (b/w Scand. and E, such as the meaning to live for the word to dwell which in OE had the meaning to wander, OR E w. > other lang. > back to E: pioneer - first one > a member of Communist organization);
translation loans - w.-for-w. (morph.-for-morph.) transl. (pipe of peace).
Degree of assimilation:
completely assimilated - have undergone all types of assimilation; often used and stylistically neutral; not felt as foreign words in the lang. (sport, animal, face);
partially assimilated - didn't undergone one of the type of assimilation:
graphically non-assimilated (ballet, bouquet, colour);
phonetically non-assimilated - peculiarities in stress, combination of sounds, which are not standard for English (police, machine, regime);
grammatically non-assimilated - from Latin or Greek (phenomenon – phenomena);
semantically non-assimilated - denote objects or nation characteristic of the country from which they came (sushi).
non-assimilated or barbarisms - words from other languages used by English people but not assimilated in any way and for which there are corresponding English equivalents (ciao, addio, tete-a-tete, c’est la vie).
Borrowings: through oral speech (early periods of history, easily assimilated), through written speech (preserve their spelling and sound form); direct, indirect.
Causes of borrowing:
military occupation;
economic, political, cultural, trade contacts;
gap filling (butter, plum);
secondary nomination - lexical suppletion (friendly - L cordial, wish - Fr desire).
Sources of borrowings:
1. Celtic: 5th-6th c. AD - place names: Kent, York, other - comb, craddle;
2. Latin:
a) 1st c. BC - trade, measurement, fruits and vegs (plum), cookery (cup);
b) 7th c. AD - military (wall, street,port);
c) the Renaissance period (14th-16th c.) - religion and learning (bishop, monch, school);
3. Scandinavian: 8th-11th c. AD;
4. French:
a) Norman: 11th-13th c. AD;
b) Parisian: the Renaissance period;
5. Greek: the Renaissance period;
6. Italian, Spanish, Russian: the Renaissance period and later: soprano, corrida, kolkhoz;
9. German, Indian, and other languages.
9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
Borrowed words have influenced: