- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
Informal style:
colloquial:
literary colloquial - older generation;
familiar colloquial - younger generation;
low colloquial (slang, vulgarisms);
argo - a sp. voc., used by a particular social or age group, esp. by the criminal circles (unintelligible for outsiders);
slang - commonly understood and widely used words and exp. of humor. and derog. character (trap ‘mouth’);
jargon used by particular prof. or social subgroups (African-American jargon);
professionalisms substitute particular professional terms (navy jargon, army jargon);
vulgarisms - of abusive character: damn, bloody;
dialect words used by the local populations in certain regions (agate ‘on the way’, Yorkshire).
20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
Comparative historical linguistics (H.Paul, A. Meillet): branch of L. whose objectives are (1) the reconstruction of synchronic states unattested in written records and diachronic processes in the history of individual lang-s and groups of related lang-s and (2) the determination of the origins of lang. families, lang-s, and individual elements in lang. systems, incl. the determ. of genetic relationships between lang-s, i.e. the common origin of languages from a single source. In reconstructing the history of languages, CHL uses the comparative historical method, which consists of four basic research techniques: external reconstruction, internal r., analysis of borrowed words, and analysis of toponymic data.
Focus: connection between the meanings and defining the laws of semantic change
Contribution: concrete, abstract, usual and occasional meanings, semantic change (generalization, specialization, shift of meaning, metaphorization)
Structural linguistics: Copenhagen (glossematics): F. de Saussure, Prague (functional L.): L. Hjelmslev, E. Benveniste, G. Guillaume, American (descriptive L.): L. Bloomfield, Moscow schools: А.А Реформатский, Ю.Д. Апресян.
Referential approach: the sem. triangle of notions ass. with meaning: concept - the thought of the object that singles out its essential features; referent - object itself; sound-form - linguistic sign;
- same Cs may have diff. sem. str-s in diff. lang-s: C 'a building for human habitation' in E house != Ru дом ('a fixed residence of family'), one C possess M which is felt diff in each of the units ('young child' - child, baby, babe, infant);
- R may be denoted by >one w. (apple - apple, fruit, this);
- diff. SF may convey the same M (dove, голубь), nearly identical SF - diff. M in diff. lang-s (caught, кот), identical - homonyms (knight, night); even considerable SF changes don't affect M (OE lufian - ModE love).
Functional approach: M of a LU is studied only through its relations with other LU (to move - we move, move a chair).
Trapezium of meaning - the conventional order of sounds (sign) evokes a mental shape of the referent with a set of discriminate features of the class of similar objects in the speaker’s mind (idea) and the correlated meaning (denotational significant; pragmatic meanings).
Principle: manipulability, i.e.: selecting and analyzing separate language units and operating with them
Contribution: classification of semantic change, the causes of semantic change; understanding of lexical semantics as a system.