- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
Back-formation is the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the existing words. The process is based on analogy: the word to butle ‘to act or serve as a butler’ is derived by subtraction of –er from a supposedly verbal stem in the noun butler.
Sources:
borrowings: beggan → to beg, burglar → to burgle, sanitation → to sanitize;
compound-derivatives: television → to televise;
shortenings: laser → to lase.
Sound imitation (or onomatopoeia) is the naming of an action or a thing by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it, cf.: cock-a-doodle-do (English) – ку-ка-ре-ку (Russian).
Groups:
sounds produced by human beings: mumble, babble, giggle;
sounds produced by animals: mew, croak, buzz;
by nature or artefacts: splash, clink, bang.
Reduplication is a process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
rhyming: hokey-pokey, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, boogie-woogie, teenie-weenie, walkie-talkie, hoity-toity, wingding, ragtag, easy-peasy;
exact (baby-talk-like): bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo-poo;
ablaut: bric-a-brac, chit-chat, criss-cross, ding-dong, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat, knick-knack, pitter-patter, splish-splash, zig-zag, flimflam (the first vowel is almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel);
shm-reduplication (productive): baby-shmaby, cancer-schmancer and fancy-schmancy (a feature of American English from Yiddish)4
comparative: "redder and redder" (gradation);
contrastive focus: "Is that carrot cheesecake or carrot CAKE-cake?";
not English: abracadabra.
Sound interchange. Causes:
- ablaut (to strike - stroke, to sing - song);
- umlaut - the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root - regressive assimilation (hot - to heat, blood - to bleed);
- position - at the end of the word or intervocalic: bath - to bathe, life - to live.
Stress interchange - in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin: nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable, e.g. `accent - to ac`cent.
17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
Standard English is the form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood.
Variants of English are regional varieties possessing a literary norm: UK (British, Scottish, Irish) and outside (AmE, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Indian). AmE: Americanisms (belong exclusively to AmE): historical (fall, guess, sick) - retain their old m.; proper (redbud, blue-grass) - coined by the early Am. who had to find names for the new env.; specif. Am. bor. (sombrero, toboggan). CanE: the spoken lang. closer to AmE, infl. by CanFr; Can-isms (parkade 'parking garage', to fathom out 'to explain'). AusE: outback 'remote regional areas', walkabout - 'a long journey of uncertain length'; arvo 'afternoon', servo 'service station', -za for personal names. NZE: Maori borrowings (kiwi, shellfish). SAE: Afrikaans borrowings, new meanings: boy ‘a black man’ (derogatory). IE: popular, but obsolete in BrE (please do the needful, your obedient servant), Indian borrowings (jungle, pajama).
Local dialects are varieties of English peculiar to some districts, used as means of oral communication in small localities; they possess no normalized literary form. Yorkshire: Scandinavian borrowings. Cockney: rhyming slang.
Social variation: according to gender, occupation, beliefs, etc. Political correctness: chairman > chairperson.