- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
Lexicography is a brunch of applied linguistics which deals with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries.
The object of study: the vocabulary of a language (cf. lexicology: diff. in degree of systematisation and completeness).
The aim: semantic, formal and functional description of all individual words.Dictionary - a book listing words of language with their meanings and reference information.
Lexicology is a theory and lexicography is the practice of describing words.
Types of English dictionaries differ in the choice of items and information about them.
Encyclopaedic dict-s: concepts (objects and phenomena), their relation to other objects and phenomena.
Linguistic (or philological): lexical units and their linguistic properties.
The encyclopaedic dictionaries include items of designations such as: names of substances, diseases, plants and animals, institutions, terms of science, some important events in history, geographical and biographical entries.
A linguistic dictionary is a book of words of a language, usually listed alphabetically, with definitions, pronunciations, etymologies and other linguistic information or with their equivalents in another language (or other language).
American dictionaries include scientific, technical, geographical and bibliographical items. British dictionaries devote maximum space to the linguistic properties of words.
Classifications:
1. According to the nature of word-list:
- general
- restricted dictionaries (terminological, phraseological, dialectal word-books, dictionaries of new words, etc.)
2. As to the information they provide:
- explanatory
- special dictionaries (only some characteristics)
* sphere of human activity (technical dictionaries)
* type of units (of idioms)
* relationships b/w units (of synonyms)
Associative dictionaries (the lexical entry is a stimulus word with a list of response words either in an alphabetical order or according to their frequency).
3. As to the number of languages used (except for translation ones: mono-, bi-, multilingual
4. According to the medium used:
- paper d.
- computerized d.
* computerized versions of paper d.
* proper el. d.: for human use, machine d. for text processing (synt., sem., (pseudo-)morph., diphone, etc.)
Explanatory dictionaries provide info on all aspects of the lexical units entered: graphical, phonetic, grammatical, semantic, stylistic, etymological, etc.
- diachronic
- synchronic
Translation (parallel) dictionaries - a list of vocabulary items in one language and their equivalents in (an)other language(s).
Phraseological dictionaries - idiomatic or colloquial phrases, proverbs and other, usually with illustrations.
Dictionaries of neologisms (neologism - <20 years). The new items are collected from the reading of newspaper, magazines and - rarely - books.
Dictionaries of slang (substandard speech such as vulgarisms, jargonisms, taboo words, curse-words, colloquialisms).
Usage dictionaries (usage problems of all kind - for native speakers: the difference in meaning of synonyms, the proper pronunciation, etc.)
Dictionaries of word frequency (frequency of occurrence of lexical units in speech for teaching purposes, the basic vocabulary, for the machine translation systems to choose a better - more frequent - variant of a word).
Reverse dictionaries (the entry words are arranged in an alphabetical order starting with the final letter - e.g. for rhyming purpose).
Pronouncing dictionaries (contemporary variation of pronunciation).
Etymological dictionaries.
Ideographic dictionaries.
Problems of dictionary compiling
Stages:
- collection of material
- selection of entries and their arrangement
- setting of each entry
1) selection of lexical units for inclusion
2) arrangement of entries (alphabetical, clusters, frequency)
3) setting of the entry (structure and content)
4) selection and arrangement of meanings (historical, empirical / actual / frequency, logical order)
5) definition of meanings (encyclopaedic, descriptive, synonymous, cross-referential)
6) illustrative examples (quotes, corpus e.g.'s)