- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
3. Classification of ling. Methods:
(according to the source of material) internal (introsp.) vs. external (observ., quest., interview); in vitro (introsp., quest., interview) vs. in vivo (observ.).
Contrastive/Comparative analysis attempts to find out similarities and differences in both philogenically related and non-related languages at all ling. levels. CA grew as the result of the errors which are made recurrently by foreign language students. They can be often traced back to the differences in structure between the target language and the language of the learner.
Basic postulate - every language classifies reality in its own way by means of vocabulary unit.
It investigates differences in: denotation & content (foot, leg - нога), structure (to kneel - становиться на колени), lexical gaps (sibling), polysemantic w. (eye - глаз, объектив, ушко) in context, situational verbal units (Не вешайте трубку. - Hold on.).
Statistical analysis. A quantitative method is a numerical count of a certain ling. phenomenon not involving the use of any math. formula. SA is a quantitative study of phenomena in order to find linguistic regularities by means of statistics.
Stat. reg-s can be observed only if data are suffic. numerous and occurrence is very frequent.
An example of SA - Zipf’s laws:
1st Zipf’s law - word frequency is proportional to its rank;
2nd Zipf’s law - the number of diww. words with the same frequency is in inverse proportion to the frequency;
3rd Zipf’s law - diff. meanings of a w. tend to be proportional to its relative frequency);
4th Zipf’s law - word length is in inverse proportion to its frequency).
IC (immediate constituent) analysis. The aim is to segment a set of lexical units into two max. independent sequences thus revealing the hierarchical structure of this set. Successive segmentation results in ultimate constituents, i.e. two-faced units that can’t be further divided. Applicable to words and sentences. Is extremely fruitful to discover the derivational structure of words.
4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
Distribution - the position which lexical units occupy or may occupy in the text or in the flow of speech. There’s is interdependence of D. and meaning: treat+N+Adj - to treat smb well, treat+N+to+N - to treat smb to juice. Part of speech meaning is D.-ly identified (The boy __ home - verb). Only the D. of completely identical lexical units but arranged on the reverse diff. the meaning – water tap and tap water. Also word-meaning and the lexical restriction of the stems (*hourish).
Distributional pattern - a typical arrangement of linguistic units in speech;
may possess a component of meaning which is not present in individual words of the word-group or the sentence: V + N + into/out of + Ving (to kiss smb into doing smth - causative meaning);
productive DP: She is a charming smiler, The book is hyper-magical;
grammatical & lexical levels: move + Ninanim - to move a chair, move + Nanim - to move a person [deeply];
N+ish=Adj: sheepish, boyish (only Nanim).
Types of relations among units:
contrastive D. - two diff. LU are used in the same context - diff. the meaning;
complementary D. - two LU can’t appear in the same context (abstract noun suffixes: Adj+ness, V+ion);
inclusive D. (of partial equivalence) - one LU is only found in the same context w/the other LU w/out changing the meaning where the latter can be also used in other contexts (upon/on the situation, on the table);
equivalent D. - two LU are equally used in the same context w/out changing the meaning (morphologic - morphological).
Transformational A. - re-patterning of various distributional structures in order to discover the diff. or sameness of meaning of practically identical DP. Applicable in finding sim./diff. in syntactic str., identifying homonymic structures, improving classifications of LU, specifying sem. features. Types:
semantic relationship b/w stem and words: N+N - dogfight vs dogcart; their house - A possesses B, their attempt - A performs B, their arrest - A is the goal of the action B, their shyness - B is the quality of A;
permutation (subordination is unchanged): his work is excellent → his excellent work → the excellence of his work → he works excellently;
replacement: make a good cake, make a good translator (become);
addition/expansion: *Tom is young (in the country) - inherited property can’t be specified; Tom is popular (in the country);
deletion: white water - phraseological unit, [white] snow - free-word combination.
Componential A. - the one of vocabulary into a series of basic identifying components (semes) of meaning: markers (in common w/other LU) and distinguishers (different from other LU).
bachelor:
noun, 'human', 'male', 'who has never married'
noun, 'human', 'male', 'young knight serving under the standard of another knight'
noun, 'human', 'who has the first or lowest academic degree'
noun, 'animal', 'male', 'young fur seal when w/out a mate during the breeding time'