- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
Ph. - a branch of L. which studies PU of a given lang. synchronically and diachronically. It studies: the main properties of PU, criteria of their classifications, the diff. b/w PU and FWG, (narrow) deals w/idioms and bound meanings, (wider) deals w/set phrases of diff. structural types and semiotic functions (folklore units, extracts from fiction, greeting formulas). Is connected w/L., syntax and word-building. Idioms are sem-ly word-like units, but str-ly syntactic units.
Methods: componential analysis (distinguishing semes), m. of identification, m. of delimitation of variables: idioms can be with fixed structure (to give smb the cold shoulder ‘to treat in an unpleasant way’) or allow limited changes (to take/have/enjoy/use forty winks ‘to take a nap’).
Diachronic approach: the origin of PU, how they appear, how FWG acquire sem. and gr. inseparability. Causes of FWG demotivation:
- member of FWG → archaic → fully or partly non-motivated (to and fro);
- meaning disappear and can be found only in certain collocations (to have a mind to do smth 'to have a purpose');
- professional → literary usage (puppet theatre: to pull the strings/wires);
- part of a proverb or saying (new brooms sweep clean), quotation (the green-eyed monster).
Lex. valency (collocability) - the aptness of a word to appear in various combinations, thematic relations associated with a given word: vital/urgent/disputable question, to raise a Q. : : to lift a Q.
Gr. valency - the aptness of a w. to appear in specific ge. (or synt.) structures; the min. gr. context is a pattern of a WG (heavy + N).
Verb. valency: avalent (it rains), mono (he sleeps), di (he kicks the ball), tri, tetra. Can undergo V. reduction (he eats | an apple), V. expansion (it's raining | cats and dogs).
Sources of phraseology:
1. Native pu:
- terminological and professional lexis (physics: center of gravity, specific weight; navigation: lower one's colours 'to yield, to give in');
- British literature (Shakespeare: the green-eyed monster 'jealousy'; Dickens: never say die 'do not give up');
- British traditions and customs (baker's dozen 'thirteen');
- superstitions and legends (a black sheep 'a less successful or more immoral person in a group', the halcyon days 'a very happy period ofthe past');
- historical facts and events, personalities, etc. (to do a Thatcher 'to stay in power as prime minister for three consecutive terms');
- phenomena and facts of everyday life (to carry coals to Newcastle);
2. Borrowed pu:
- the Holy Script (the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing 'communication in an organization is bad so that one part does not know what is happening in another part', the kiss of Judas 'any display of affection whose purpose is to conceal any act of treachery);
- ancient legends and myths (to cut the Gordian knot 'to deal with a difficult problem is a strong, simple and effective way’);
- facts and events of the world history (to cross the Rubicon 'to do smth which will have very important results which cannot be changed after);
- variants of English (a heavy hitter AmE 'smb who is powerful and has achieved a lot');
- American literature (Cooper: the last of the Mohicans, London: call of the wild);
- other languages - classical and modern (G an ugly duckling, L second to none 'equal with any other and better than most' < nulli secundus, F the fair sex 'women' < le beau sex).