- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
1. Free:
nominative (direct) - basic, refers to objects of extralinguistic reality in a direct way and reflects their actual relations, e.g. sweet taste;
nominative-derivative (transferred meaning + metaphorization) comes into being when the word is ‘stretched out’ semantically to cover new facts and extralinguistic phenomena, e.g. sweet face;
2. Bound:
colligationally conditioned determined by morphosyntactic combinability of words, e.g.: to tell - рассказать > in passive means ‘to order’.
collocationally conditioned determined by lex.-phras. combinability of words: a herd of cows, a flock of sheep.
phraseologically bound: to kick the bucket ‘to die’;
3. POS – a distinguishing semantic component common to lexical units of major word-classes: clever, easy, cunning – the quality or attribute of smth.
Semantic triangle (referential approach): concept - the thought of the object that singles out its essential features; referent - object itself; sound-form - linguistic sign;
- same Cs may have diff. sem. str-s in diff. lang-s: C 'a building for human habitation' in E house != Ru дом ('a fixed residence of family'), one C possess M which is felt diff in each of the units ('young child' - child, baby, babe, infant);
- R may be denoted by >one w. (apple - apple, fruit, this);
- diff. SF may convey the same M (dove, голубь), nearly identical SF - diff. M in diff. lang-s (caught, кот), identical - homonyms (knight, night); even considerable SF changes don't affect M (OE lufian - ModE love).
23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
1. Theory of the semantic components – a definite pre-set number of semantic components (semes) which can be combined in various ways with other similar components.
This approach which appeared to be tenable when applied to kinship and colour terms is still restricted to those very limited thematic groups the members of which do not rely on linguistic expression and could just as well be distinguished from one another by formulae or other kinds of extralinguistic notation. Thus, for example, the ‘things’ themselves in the case of words like mother, father, sister, brother, etc. can be easily conceived as mere sums of elementary components: male – female, direct lineability – colineal lineability – ablineal lineability and five generation components g1, g2, g3, g4, g5. Uncle then can be presented as: male + colineal lineability + g2.
2. Interpretation – lexicographic description of a word in a natural language. Apresyan: there are some requirements:
- non-tautological description [A=B&B=A];
- necessity and sufficiency;
- gradation (semantic immediate constituents): pine tree > evergreen > tree > plant;
- explicit description.
3. Prototypical description – prototyped theory is a model of graded categorization (some members of a category are more typical than the others). Furniture (name of the category, doesn’t exist in the world) > sofa (example of item, exists in the world). Sofa is more frequent in the furniture category than a divan.
Motivation - rel-ship b/w the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand and its meaning on the other. There are three main types of motivation:
a) phonetic – direct connection b/w the phonetic structure of the word and its meaning (cuckoo – a bird whose call is like its name) - onomatopoeia.
b) morphological – dir. con. b/w the lexical meaning of the component morphemes, the pattern of their arrangement and the meaning of the word. F.e. “to rethink” is motivated through its morphological structure which suggests the idea of thinking again.
c) semantic - dir. con. b/w the central and marginal meanings of the word. It is based on the coexistence of direct and figurative meanings within the semantic structure of the word. E.g.: eyewash1 ‘a lotion for the eyes’, eyewash2 ‘smth said or done to deceive a person so that he thinks that what he sees is good though in fact it is not’. The first meaning is based on the literal meanings of the components, i.e. the meanings of the morphemes eye- and –wash. The second meaning of the word is metaphorical or figurative.