- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
Affixation - formation of words by adding derivative affix to different types of bases:
Degrees of derivation:
zero d.: atom, heart;
first d.: atom-ic, heart-less;
second d.: atomic-al, heartless-ness, etc.;
Lexical semantics:
[un[[lock]verbable]adj]adj - ‘not able to be locked’
[[un[lock]verb]verb]able]adj - ‘able to be unlocked’
Classification of affixes:
origin: native (-ness, after-, fore-), borrowed (G poly-, -ism, L pre-, -ant, Romanic ab-, -tion), etc.;
productivity: productive (-ly), semi-productive (-ward), non-productive (-ard);
POS: noun-forming (-er, -ee), verb-forming (-de, -fy, -en), adj-forming (-ful), adv-forming (-ly, -ward, -wise), numeral-forming (-teen, -fold);
lexical-grammatical category of the base: deverbal (re-, out-, -ing), denominal (un-, -nik), deadjectival (un-, -ness);
number of meanings: mono (mis-, ab-), poly (re- ‘back’, ‘again’);
generic denotational meaning: negative (un-, non-), reversative (dis-), pejorative (pseudo-), time & order (pre-, post-), repetition (re-), locative (super-, sub-), quantitative (bi-, tri-), agent of the action(-er, -ant), appurtenance (-an/-ian, -ese), collectivity (-dom, -ry), diminutiveness (-ie, -let, ling);
style: neutral (un-, over-, re-), bookish (pseudo-, ultra-, -tron, -oid), informal (mega-).
Valency of affixes is their capability to be combined with certain bases. E.g., adj-f. suffixes are mostly attached to nominal bases (-en, -ful, -less, -like), some with nominal and verbal bases (-able).
Valency of bases is the possibility of a particular base to take a particular affix, is not limited.
13. Conversion, its features and types.
Conversion - making a new word from some existing word by changing the category or POS:
Features:
lexically identifiable,
new morphological paradigm,
new syntactic function.
Types:
verbalization (to google),
nominalization (a try),
adjectivization,
adverbalization (straight down the street).
N → V:
- action characteristic of the object: an ape → to ape 'imitate in a foolish way';
- instrumental use of the object: a whip → to whip 'strike with a whip';
- acquisition or addition of the object: a fish → to fish 'catch or try to catch a fish';
- deprivation of the object: dust → to dust 'remove dust from smth';
- location: a pocket → to pocket 'put into one's pocket'.
V → N:
- instance of the action: to jump → a jump 'sudden spring from the ground';
- agent of the action: to help → a help 'a person who helps';
- place of the action: to drive → a drive 'a path or road along which one drives';
- result of the action: to peel → peel 'the outer skin of fruit or potatoes taken off';
- object of the action: to let → a let 'a property available for rent'.
In case of polysemantic words one and the same member of a conversion pair may belong to several groups.
A → N:
- completely substantivated (can change): a private;
- partially substantivated (never change): the poor, the youth.