- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
Word is the basic units of language which:
associates a particular group of sounds with a particular meaning;
has particular grammatical characteristic ([‘siste] - eng - a female relative of the same parents, noun, the common case - two-facet unit);
the biggest unit of morphology and the smallest of syntax;
the smallest significant of a given lang. capable of functioning alone and characterised by semantic integrity, morphological uninterruptability and positional mobility within a sentence (Arnold).
Criteria of the word: speech: graphical, phonetic, syntactic, semantic; language: phonetic, morphological, semantic.
Problems:
1. The size-of-unit P. - one of separateness and separability of the word in the flow of speech. Principles: grammatical whole-formedness > notional w. (part of the w. doesn’t have it), residual separability (sep. negatively: the sun, the plane) > form w. Levels of investig.: feature L. (valid and invalid clusters), semantic L. (syntactic prosody), metasemantic L. (suprasyntactic prosody: We are friends, aren’t we?).
2. The identity-of-unit P. - est. where of word ends and another begins on the dict. level.
Typology of words: morphological, semantic, syntactic, stylistic, etymological.
The theory of nomination.
A word is a generalized reflection of reality which is influenced by the changes in social political or everyday life, production or science manners or culture it serves to reflect.
The act of nomination is speech-cognitive process of choosing a ready name for the thing from the available linguistic units or coining a new one - naming unit.
Factors to choose a naming unit:
1. the source of the NU (ready or new-coined);
2. the form, length of the NU (word, word-combination, sentence);
3. the inner form of the NU: non-motivated (earn), phonetically m. (splash), morphologically m. (friend > unfriendly), semantically m. (leg (person) > leg (furniture));
4. the semantic types of the NU: direct (hard), indirect (hard nut); primary (hand (person)), secondary (hand (clock)); literal, figurative (the last straw).
Variations of the word:
- paradigm,
- lexical varieties,
- phonetic variation: automatic (assimilation process), accentual (coexisting stress patterns), emic (multiple pronunciation – Celtic),
- morphological variation: grammatical (diff. inflective morphemes – learn → learnt, learned), lexical morphological (diff. derivational morphemes – academic - academicial) BUT! historic – historical;
- lexical variation (diff. registers: lap/laboratory),
- semantic variation (diff. LSVs).
3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
Method (way of investigation, theory) - a way to obtain definite scientific knowledge. In linguistics, a means to obtain info about the lang. and perceive the lang.
1. Levels of the ling. system: phonetic/phonological, morphemic, lexical-semantic, syntactic.
Relations among components of ling. levels: distributional (same level), integral (diff. levels).
Methods: common or specific to certain levels; language material & criteria of verification.
Sources of language material: introspection (self-examination), observation (analysis of written/oral speech, corpus research), experiment (questioning).
2. Procedures of scientific research: 1. observation (reliable and veritable data is obtained), 2. classification (principles & criteria are worked out), 3. generalization (hypothesis, rule, or law), 4. verification.