- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
a) the appearance of a number of words of the phon. str. w/strange sound or familiar sounds in unusual positions: waltz, psychology, soufflé; the initial [ps], [pn], [pt] are used in Eng. alongside the forms w/out the initial sound [p];
b) the app. of a new diphthong [oi] which came into Eng. together with such French words as point, joint, poise;
c) the reapp. of the initial [sk] mostly due to Scandinavian (skirt);
d) the dev. of the OE variant phonemes [f] and [v] into diff. phonemes: [v] came to be used initially (vain, valley) and [f] in the intervocalic pos. (effect, affair);
e) the app. of the affricate [dg] at the beginning of words: jungle, journey, gesture.
2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
a) the app. of a number of new structural types in which some highly-productive borrowed affixed (re-, inter-, -er, -ism) can combine with native and borrowed bases; other borr. affixes, not so productive, can combine only w/Latinate (L, G, Fr) bases (inform-ant, defend-ant);
b) the ousting of native affixes by borrowed ones (pre- replaced fore-);
c) the app. of a great number of words w/bound morphemes (tolerate, tolerable, tolerance);
d) the change of the very nature of word-clusters which now unite not only words of the root-morphemes, but different synonymous root-morphemes (spring - vernal, sea - maritime).
3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
a) the diff. of b. w. and synonymous native w. in meaning and use (OE feed - L nourish);
b) the narrowing of meaning of native words due to the iff. of synonyms (OE stool 'any article of furniture designed for sitting on' under the influence of Fr chair → stool 'a seat that has three or four legs, but no back or arms';
c) the extension of m. of native Eng. w. or the acquisition of add. or new m. (political meanings of 'shock' and 'deviation' came from Ru ударный and уклон).
4. The lexical territorial divergence:
a) the intensification of the difference b/w the word-stock of the literary national language which are not found in the dialects and vice versa;
b) the enlargement of the word-stock of diff. dialects and national variants of Eng. in the UK (Irish Eng. has words of Celtic origin: shamrock, dun - hill, colleen - girl; Scandinavian b. in Northern dialects);
c) the acq. by literary national w. of a status of dialectal w. (heal - скрывать from OE helan).
Etymological doublets - words which etymologically descend from the same root, but borrowed from different sources (OE shirt - Sc skirt) and diff. in phonemic shape and meaning. The meaning is different, but easily associated.
International words - ones borrowed simultaneously by several languages (L and G: names of sciences, terms of art, political terms; E: sport, fruits, inventions; R: those connected with communism). NB! Such words as magazine : : магазин are 'translator's false friends' and not international words.
Hybrids - words consisting of b. morphemes of diff. source: witticism (OE witty + Gr -ism).