Apimondia 2015 Abstract book (South Korea)

services (DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3277-x), our conclusions support further restrictions of their prophylactic uses in favor of integrated pest managements (IPM) practices or organic farming, which minimize pesticide use (DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3628-7, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3229-5).

BHO-038

Neonicotinoid pesticides severely affect honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens

Geoffrey Williams1, Aline Troxler1, Nadège Forfert2, Gina Retschnig1, Kaspar Roth1, Orlando Yañez1, Dave Shutler3, Robin Moritz2, Peter Neumann1, Laurent Gauthier4

1 Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

2 Department of Biology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

3Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada 4 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland

In monogynous species of eusocial hymenoptera such as the honey bee, Apis mellifera, queen fate is a key element of colony survival and productivity. In both Europe and North America poor queen health appears to be a major driver of honey bee colony mortality; however, most studies investigating colony health have so far concentrated on workers. Here we exposed developing queens to sub-lethal field-realistic doses of the neonicotinoid pesticides thiamethoxam and clothiandin, and recorded multiple anatomical, physiological, and behavioural measures in the laboratory and field over a four week post-emergence period whereby queens were maintained in mating nucleus colonies (N = 30 & 28 for treatments and controls, respectively). The data show that the neonicotinoids had no significant influence on queen lifespan, emergence weight, spermathecal sperm viability, or number of flights, whereas they significantly affected queen success (i.e. production of worker brood progeny), spermathecal sperm count, ovariole number, and queen mating frequency. These results demonstrate that sub-lethal exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of neonicotinoid pesticides can have a profound effect on honey bee queens, and may at least partially help to explain the recent phenomenon of reduced queen health experienced by many beekeepers internationally.

BHO-019

Toxicity to honey bees Apis mellifera adansonii of some insecticides used in cotton production in Benin

Armand Paraiso1, Adrien Zocanclounon2, Henry Tchibozo3, Franck Sokenou1, Constan tin Yeyi2

1 University of Parakou, Benin

2 Laboratoire de Pathologie des Abeilles, Benin

3 University de Parakou, Benin

Protection and preservation of the bees are a pledge in a sustainable and environment-friendly agriculture. The economic contribution of the insect’s pollinators specially, the bees to world agriculture is estimated at billions of dollars. However, nonjudicious choice of pesticides and the absence of good plant protection practices, represent a real danger to bees. The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of three insecticides commonly used

210

in cotton protection on bees Apis mellifera adansonii in Benin. In this context, bees were taken from the hives and transported to the laboratory. Active ingredients and different doses used, were as followed : Emamectin benzoate, betacyfluthrine + imidacloprid, and lamdex + chlorpyrifos, at the doses of : 2150 nanograms/bee ; 125 nanograms/bee; 75 ng/b; 50 ng/b; 25 ng/b; 12,5 103ng/b; 6 ng/b; 2,5 ng/b ; 1,25 ng/b à 0,96 ng/b, depending on the active ingredient. Each treatment included three repetitions consisting of 25 bees. Bees were anaesthetized with ether before treatment. Each bee received by topical application on the pronotum, one microliter (01µl) of the tested formulation. Observations were made after two hours, 10 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours. The results showed that, even the lowest doses of the insecticides : 0,96 ng/b ; 7,25 ng/b et 21,5 ng/b showed mortality higher than 90% to bees, 48 hours after the application. The results of the study indicated the urgent need of good plant protection practices in the frame of sustainable agriculture and bees’ preservation and conservation.

BHO-013

French beekeepers against systemic insecticides: a 20years fight

Henri Clement

National Union of French Beekeeping (UNAF), France

In 1995, France produced 33,000 tonnes of honey and the honeybee annual mortality rate was around 5-10%. 20 years later, in 2015, the honey production was divided by three and the mortality rate is of 30%. Between these two dates, the neonicotinoids appeared in the French fields. From the beginning, producers of these new insecticides contradicted their effects on bees, despite increasingly sophisticated scientific studies demonstrating it. The scientific battle was starting. The government also acted with a high inertia, refusing to implement European regulations and being reluctant to give public information to beekeepers. Thus, French beekeepers decided to resolutely involve themselves in a fight at the media and legal scope. In several years, the legal battle has achieved many victories in the civil and administrative courts. All this was widely publicized and has led to the withdrawal from the market of the Gaucho on sunflower and corn (Imidacloprid) and of the Regent (Fipronil). More recently, this fight enabled in 2013 the French withdrawal of Cruiser (thiamethoxam) on rapeseed. Right after, the French Minister of Agriculture has been an “engine” for initiating at the European level a procedure to reassess the impact on bees of three active substances from the neonicotinoids family. Thanks to this and to the work of all European beekeepers, this lead to the 2 years European partial ban of three neonicotinoïdes. Today, the struggle continues in France against these products that are still used on million hectares.

BHO-037

Lethal and sub-lethal time-lag effects of neonicotinoids and Varroa destructor on western honey bees Apis mellifera

Lars Straub1, Geoffrey Williams1, Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong2, Annette Schneeberger1, Gina Retschnig1, Panuwan Chantawannaku2, Vincent Dietemann3, Peter Neumann1

1 Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

211

2 Bee Protection Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,

Thailand

3 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland

Agro-chemicals and the mite Varroa destructor can have drastic effects on honey bees Apis mellifera; however, combined effects of both have so far been unexplored. Here, we evaluated possible sub-lethal (teneral body mass) and lethal (longevity) time-lag effects of two neonicotinoid pesticides (thiamethoxam and clothianadin) and V. destructor on individual workers alone and in combination. Queenright colonies of similar strength (N=20) were randomly allocated and exposed to one of two treatments (1. Both neonicotinoid pesticides or 2. No neonicotinoid pesticides) for 8 weeks in late Spring 2014 that represented environmentally relevant exposures. One (Summer 2014) and 16 (Fall 2014) weeks post treatment exposure, emerging workers from all colonies were individually screened for mite infestations and transferred to cages (N=3 cages per colony; 10 workers per cage) according to treatment group. In Summer 2014, longevity was reduced by V. destructor, but not by pesticides. Bees from the combined treatment showed mortality rates similar to the V. destructor treatment. However, summer body mass of combined pesticides and V. destructor exposed bees was lower compared to all other treatments. Pesticide treatments alone had no significant influence when compared to the controls. In contrast, Fall 2014 bees exposed to both pesticides and V. destructor showed reduced longevity when compared to all other treatments from summer and fall. Our data suggest previously overlooked time-lag effects of combined neonicotinoid pesticide and V. destructor exposure.

BHO-017

A Risk assessment scheme to assess potential side effect of pesticide to honeybees

Christian Maus

CropLife International, Singapore

Honeybees are an important part of agricultural ecosystems. Due to the colony losses reported in some regions, there is a discussion about factors potentially affecting bee health, including pesticides. Regulatory authorities are pondering the best ways to evaluate the safety of pesticides to bees. From the perspective of industry, risk assessment systems should be as globally consistent as possible. Moreover, they need to be scientifically robust, yet pragmatic and easily applicable. To provide support to regulators in this context, CropLife has developed a risk assessment scheme for bees which fulfills the above criteria, which we put forward to regulators. This system is based on the principles of the EPPO 170 Approach which has been successfully used in Europe. It is a tiered, hierarchical system which is relies on internationally validated study types. Protection goal of the scheme is the health and productivity of the bee colony. Foliar and soil-systemic uses are considered separately. The first-tier risk assessment is based on the Hazard Quotient Approach for foliar uses, one of the few empirically validated approaches in ecotoxicology; for soil-systemic uses, a TER system is applied. Higher-tier assessment is based on semi-field and field studies. These provide direct evidence in cases where the lower-tier assessment did not yield conclusive results, and include the option to consider local exposure scenarios in specific cases, e.g. in particular crops. Risk mitigation measures can be incorporated throughout the tiered risk assessment.

212

Symposium: Surveillance & Epidemiology I

BHO-061

Molecular detection of honeybee disease in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in Korean apiaries, the first half 2015

Woo Ram Bae, Mi-Sun Yoo, Hyun-Ji Seo, Ha-Na Jung, Hee-Soo Lee,

Seung-Won Kang, Yun Sang Cho

Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea

The honeybee is a major pollinator of crops. The main species present in Korea are the European honeybee, A. mellifera, and the Asian honeybee A. cerana. The occurrence and distribution of twelve bee diseases was investigated in A.mellifera and A.cerana in Korea using PCR diagnostic method: american foulbrood (AFB), european foulbrood (EFB), chalkbrood, stonebrood, nosema, sacbrood virus (SBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), kashmir bee virus (KBV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). Samples were collected from 129 apiaries located in 10 different regions of the country in the first half 2015. BQCV was the most prevalent (identified in 85.27% of samp les) , follo we d b y sto nebr ood (68. 99 %) , sacbro od (62 .79 %) , No sema(31. 78%) , DW V(30. 23 %) , I AP V(17. 83%), chalkbrood(16.23%), EFB(12.40%), KBV(9.30%), AFB(7.75%) in honey bee samples(adult bee, larvae and comb), respectively. This results show that the rate of detection than previous year have gone up.

BHO-069

Prevalence and incidence of viruses in honey bee (Apis cerana cerana) in China

Qingyun Diao, Chunsheng Hou1, Beibei Li, Yanna Chu

Institute of Apicultural Research, China

In recently, there are increasing reports about the large loss or death of bee colonies in many areas in China. Especially in this spring suddenly loss or death in a great of colonies broken out. Samples of adult honey bees and larvae for seemingly healthy and shown disease syndrome from 73 apiaries of 10 provinces were tested. 9 honey bee viruses, 5 other insect viruses like red fire ant virus and 4 plants viruses were measured in the samples. All honey bee viruses were detected by PCR in bee samples, but the frequencies significantly different. The BQCV was detected in 27 apiaries, CSBV in 13 apiaries, CBPV in 10 apiaries, a DNA virus in 20 apiaries, SBV in 3 apiaries, IAPV in 1 apiary, and DWV in 6 apiaries. The most samples detected were infected with one or more viruses in bees, virus distribution is also varied in different geographical areas. Results from field surveys of these viruses indicate that mixed infections in honey bee probably arise. The prevalence of honey bee viruses has been implicated in recent honey bee colonies loss.

213

BHO-059

Current situation and development trends of risk assessment for bee pests and disease

Linsheng Yu1, Yun Li2, Youhua Zhang1, Fangdong Li1

1 Anhui Agricultural University, China

2 .Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, the Chinese Academy of Agricu ltural Sciences, China

Abstract: In view of importance for bee industry health and sustainable development to carry out the bee pest risk assessment, this paper put forward the classification and fields of current risk assessment for bee health; meanwhile, introduce the main and operational methods, technologies and application for assessing the risk to bee, which are including using META method to evaluate pest & disease of bee, climate similarity principle to evaluate the effects of mites in Chinese bee, the risk index system to evaluate Saclike larva disease to West bee, scene modeling methods to evaluate the halkbrood disease, and cloud computing to assess the bee pest risk estimation; finally, raise the main bottleneck and the future development direction of bee pests risk assessment in China.

BHO-036

New biological threats to Uganda's beekeeping sector

Dirk de Graaf2, Moses Chemurot1, Lina de Smet2, Anne Akol1

1Makerere University, Uganda 2 Ghent University, Belgium

Globally, honeybees provide vital pollination services and direct incomes to beekeepers. Annual estimates of the value of world earnings from honeybees are over 180 billion US dollars. This clearly shows the importance of honeybees and point to the need to protect them. Currently, honeybees are threatened by human-mediated factors like pests, diseases and pesticides. These factors interact synergistically to cause honeybee colony losses, with their impacts varying depending on honeybee race and other stressing factors. Honeybee colony collapses have been reported in North America and Europe. We investigated biological threats to the beekeeping sector in Uganda by collecting honeybees and brood samples from two agro-ecological zones between December 2014 and February 2015. These samples were screened for varroa mites, Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius, Nosema and ten common honeybee viruses. Preliminary findings show new threats to the beekeeping industry in Uganda. First, the study re-confirmed the presence of varroa mites in the Eastern and Western highland agroecological zones of Uganda at prevalence rates close to 50%. In addition, we confirmed Paenibacillus larvae the causative agent for AFB in one apiary in the Western agro-ecological zone. Furthermore, presence of the microsporidian Nosema, and virus BQCV were also confirmed. Finally, four honeybee viruses new to Uganda were identified. The findings of this study point new threats to the health of honeybees in Uganda and highlight the need for a honeybee pest and disease surveillance system to be developed to monitor the health of honeybees for informed decision making.

214

BHO-023

Colony collapse incidents in Africanized honey bees in Brazil

Dejair Message1, Izabel Christina Silva2, David De Jong3, Naiara H.A. Freitas4,

Erica Weinstein Teixeira5

1 Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Á rido(UFERSA),Mossoró,RN,Brazil

2 Mesmel, Brazil

3 Depto Genética, FMRP,USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

4 Polo Regional do Vale do Paraiba, APTA Polo Regional, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil 5 Polo Regional do Vale do Paraíba, APTA Regional, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil

Beekeepers in southern Brazil have reported numerous incidents of honey bee colony collapse in recent years. One of the most prevalent syndromes in dry scrub forest regions (Cerrado) was named Brazilian Sacbrood-like Disease. It is due to toxic pollen from Stryphnodendron spp., with large-scale losses of up to 70-100% of colonies in apiaries since the 1980s. Other incidents of large-scale colony collapses and losses have been observed since 2004 in northeastern São Paulo state, an agricultural region rich in sugar cane, coffee, citrus, and eucalyptus plantings. These have been associated with pesticide applications, including fipronil and various neonicotinoids. In Santa Catarina state, approximately a third of the colonies (over 100,000) rapidly dwindled and were lost within a three month period in 2011, including many in non-agricultural areas, with no apparent cause. In close observations of a research apiary in São Paulo state, we documented colony collapse (like-CCD) in four colonies within a few days, with abnormal absconding of the bees, without any apparent cause. In this region, infestation with Varroa destructor on adult bees averages less than 5%, without treatment. Various viruses were identified in the bees, including IAPV. In most incidents, we found relatively low numbers of Nosema ceranae spores; but in one experimental apiary, bees collected from five collapsing colonies had a mean of more than 20 million spores. Other collapses causing serious colony losses have been attributed to a new disease affecting pupae, which we are calling Brown Bee Brood Disease, reflecting the main symptoms.

BHO-040

Build the buzz (the value of “big data”)

Huw Evans1, Sandra Kordic 1

1 Arnia Ltd, United Kingdom

The status and dynamics of a honey bee colony are a powerful indicator of its relation to the physical and biological environment. A consensus of opinion exists within the scientific community that more field data is required to help understand the continuing decline in bee health. It is almost certain that current problems are caused by multiple parameters including pests and diseases, changes in land use, loss of habitat and climate change. Further, the responses of individual colonies to exogenous and endogenous factors are often variable. Studies focusing on single parameters, while informative, do not offer a complete picture. A response to this lies in continuous aggregation of field data over wide geographical area. “Big data” helps buffer variance and allows geographical trending of bee health with factors like plant protection products, pests, pathogens, in hive treatments, beekeeping practice etc.

Honey bees are remarkable sentinels of the environment, a single colony can thoroughly sample areas of up to 10km2, which has enabled scientists to track climate change and pollution using honey bee data. Therefore, the

215

“big data” can be utilised for environmental studies and its application is likely to evolve with use over time. A number of governments have organised portals for bee data. However, the main obstacle remains wide uptake by beekeepers who have little incentive to participate. Not only does Arnia’s hive monitoring system offer a powerful tool for multi parameter data collection, it is also a useful beekeeping tool thus helping to recruit and maintain beekeepers involvement.

BHO-006

Evaluation of stingless bee propolis for the control of Nosemosis in dwarf honeybee, Apis florea

Guntima Suwannapong1, Samrit Maksong2, Mananya Phiancharoen3, Eric Benbow4

1 Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Thailand

2 Program of Biological Science, Burapha University, Thailand

3 King Mongkut's University of Technology (Ratchaburi learning Park), Thailand 4 Department of Entomology, Michigan state University, USA

The potential of natural product, propolis of stingless bee, Trigona apicalis was evaluated for the control of Nosema disease in Nosema ceranae infected bees, Apis florea. Newly emerge of Nosema free bees were individually inoculated with 2 l of 50% (W:V) sucrose solution containing 80,000 N. ceranae spores per bee and then fed them with 50% and 70% propolis extract compared to those of controls. The finding showed that all propolis treated bees had significantly higher survival rate than untreated bees (F5= 16.60, P< 0.0019). The significant reduction of infection ratio were found in propolis treated bees (F5 =66.69, P<0.0001. The levels of trehalose in haemolymph and protease activity had significantly lower in propolis treated bees (F5=156.95., P<0.0001; F5=3.58., P<0.0326; F5= 4.97., P<0.0107), while protein contents of hypopharyngeal glands was significant higher compared to those of control. The results show that propolis treatments significantly reduced bee mortalit y, and also show concentration dependence. This result suggests that probably the chemical composition in propolis might have direct toxic to N. ceranae spores.

BHO-002

The role of vitellogenin gene expression level in

Apis mellifera mellifera L. longevity

Elena Saltykova, Lusa Gaifullina, Aliya Karimova, Almaz Gataullin, Alexey Nikolenko

Institute of biochemistry and genetics of Ufa scientific center of RAS, Russia

Negative consequences of honeybee colonies increased mortality due to various reasons was unable to stabilize. The biological problem of the worker bee lifespan regulation also waits decision. The subspecies dark forest bee (Apis mellifera mellifera L.) which is the most adapted to the long wintering and other extreme environmental conditions is very promising for the solution of this problem. During the research in 2014, we analyzed the gene expression of vitellogenin in the winter generation of worker bees during three seasons of their life (autumn- winter-spring). The total RNA was isolated from the fat body from 5-10 daily worker bee imagoes that had been grown in the colonies in the queen presence and performed the beehive work according to their age.We established that the expression level of this gene in early winter in the winter generation of hive worker bees remains at the

216

expression level in the summer generation. Further it considerably increases by the end of wintering and correlates with high antioxidant enzyme activity. In a series of experiments using a laboratory model of a short temperature stress it has been shown indicated that oxidative stress caused by high temperature accompanied by an increased vitellogenin gene expression level. The appearance of oxidative stress had been confirming by the activation of antioxidant enzymes in worker bees during the whole winter period. The results indicate a significant antioxidant role of vitellogenin, as one of the mechanisms of honey bee lifespan regulation.

Symposium: Surveillance & Epidemiology II

BHO-027

Unexplained honeybee colony disorders: new research questions coming from field experience

Noa Simon-Delso1, Gilles San Martin2, Etienne Bruneau1, Louis Hautier2

1 Beekeeping Research and Information Centre (CARI), Place Croix du Sud 4, 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Bel gium

2 Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Life Sciences Department, Plant Protection and Ecotoxicology Uni t,

Rue de Liroux, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium

Honeybee colony losses and disorders have increased recently in Belgium. Some of the symptoms observed are unspecific and their causes remain still unknown. A field study was performed in 2011-2012 to determine the link between both pesticide exposure and virus load and unexplained honeybee colony disorders during/just after the winter. This field study showed that : (1) the main problems observed were linked to brood and queens; (2) BQCV, SBV and DWV were widely present, without a significant difference between healthy and colonies with disorders;

(3) multiple pesticide residues were detected in the matrices and a significant relationship was only found between the presence of fungicide residues and colony disorders; (4) the analysis of the landscape composition around the apiary showed a significant positive relationship and a negative one between the presence of disorders and the surface of crops and that of grassland, respectively. Supplementary information can be provided by palynological and multiresidue analyses carried out on pollen pellet samples collected from July to October. During this time, 34 different botanical sources were collected and 62% of the samples were contaminated with at least one pesticide. Again, fungicide residues were the most frequently found substances together with one insecticide and specific correlations pollen-pesticide were described. The presence of pesticides that late in the season (October) raises questions about the origin of these contaminations. Although fungicides were studied predominantly through laboratory approaches on honeybee adult and larvae, we are far from understanding the impact of fungicides at colony level.

BHO-012

Bees and climate change

Henri Clement

National Union of French Beekeeping (UNAF), France

217

From November 30th to December 11th 2015, Paris will host the 21th United Nations conference on climate change. This is an opportunity for French Beekeepers to provide an overview of the impacts of this global phenomenon on bees and beekeeping. As flowering plants, the bee appeared on Earth for almost 80 million years. Thus, the bee survived the multiple planet climate changes and in particular the successive periods of glaciation. But the disturbances observed for about 50 years, accentuated in recent years, contribute to weaken this emblematic insect. They generate a considerable impact on the vitality of colonies as the production of honey and superimpose on the multiple aggressions which affect bees: pesticides, reductions of melliferous resources, diseases, mites, hornets. We will present the key elements of the links between climate change and bees and beekeeping: - Lower nectar resources. - Earlier and more ephemeral flowering. - Impact on the vitality of colonies. - Forest fires and floods. - Southern Europe and Northern Europe, climate paradox

BHO-014

Application of the electronic device "BEE ALERT" for registering death of honey bees, stingless bees in general and disappearance of honey bees (CCD) in Brazil.

Lionel Segui Goncalves, Dayson Castilhos

UFERSA

Beekeeping in Brazil has experienced in the last five years, a difficult period due to the decline of bee colonies, especially the indiscriminate use of highly toxic pesticides. Brazil is one of the largest pesticide applicators in agriculture. Deaths of Apis mellifera, stingless bees and CCD phenomenon is the main topic currently discussed between beekeepers. Among the leading causes of deaths of the bees are Varroa destructor mites, Nosema ceranae fungus, climate change, deforestation and pesticides, especially neonicotinoids. Many scientists point to a synergistic action of these factors in the decline of bee populations. Damage caused to the bees, to the environment and to beekeepers are notorious, mainly due to pesticides. In Brazil, the high frequency of bee deaths gave rise to the Bees Protection Campaign (BEE OR NOT TO BE) and the development of the BEE ALERT, an electronic device (www.semabelhasemalimento.com.br/beealert), which allows all beekeepers and researchers identify on a world map, on line, any occurrence of death or disappearance of Apis mellifera bees, stingless bees and bees in general. After 14 months of data the BEE ALERT device registred in Brazil losses of more than 15,000 bee colonies (13,000 colonies of Apis mellifera bees and 2,000 colonies of stingless bees) in 14 states (São Paulo state is responsible for 55% of the deaths).The number of lost colonies correspond to an alarming statistics of about 900 million bee deaths mainly due to pesticides, what reflects the current chaos that is today the Brazilian beekeeping and its questionable future.

BHO-034

Current status of honeybee diseases in Turkey

Ahmet Onur Girisgin

Uludag University, Turkey

Scientific reports and conversations with related researchers/beekeepers were used to determine the current status of all these diseases and pests in Turkey.

218

The major pests/diseases are Varroosis, foulbroods, Nosemosis, chalkbroods, viruses, wax moths and some other pests. Infestation of Varroosis caused by Varroa destructor is the major problem in Turkey. Some chemical and natural varroacides are currently used, but there are doubts to resistance of mites on some chemicals. The major bacterial diseases of honeybees affecting developing brood are the foulbroods: Common, European and American. All cause the death of infected brood but AFB is far more virulent and will ultimately result in colony death if uncontrolled. There are two forms of the microsporidian (fungus) Nosema associated with clinical signs of disease in honeybees: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Especially N. ceranae is dominant on Turkish honeybees and it can collapse the colonies if they are not treated. Chalkbrood disease of broods caused by Ascosphaera species of fungus can sometime have problem and successful results can get if the poor conditions are changed. There are at least eight of viruses associated with honeybees and especially Varroa acts as both a disseminator and activator of a number of viruses. Wax moths can seriously damage the stored combs if there are no physical, chemical or biological precautions. There are some other pests, birds and mammals in Turkey and informations about them will also be given. Parasites and diseases, particularly Varroa destructor had been reported frequently by beekeepers and bee scientists in Turkey.

BHO-087

Physico-chemical characteristics of honey from indigenous honey bee species from the island of Palawan, Southern Philippines

Elmer A. Polintan1, Cleofas R. Cervancia2

1 Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Philippines 2 University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna

Honey samples were obtained from three species of native bees, Apis dorsata dorsata, Apis cerana and Apis andreniformis from the island of Palawan during summer months in 2015. The parameters used in the analysis were moisture content, electrical conductivity, hmf, total reducing sugar, and apparent sucrose.

All parameters, except moisture content, conform to the standard set by Codex Alimentarius and European Honey Directive. Tropical wild honeys are usually high in moisture content due to the high humidity. Moreover, the nests of Apis andreniformis and Apis dorsata dorsata are exposed and tend to absorb the water vapor in the environment. One advantage of wild honey is the absence of residual sugar that is usually fed to the bees and contaminants from miticides that are applied to hived or domesticated colonies.

BHO-024

Identifying effectors of the honeybee immune response, through mass spectrometry, may represent a promising solution for bee health monitoring

Michel Bocquet1, Philippe Bulet2, Yves Le Conte3, Laurent Gauthier4, Katarina Bilikova5

1 APIMEDIA, France

2 UJF-CNRS-BIOPARK

3 INRA UR 406

219