Apimondia 2015 Abstract book (South Korea)

TQO-019

HPLC method for determination of melittin in individual honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom sac

Chen Wenbin, Dong Jiangtao, Huang Shaokang, Wu Zhenhong, Miao Xiaoqing

College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.

Melittin is the major toxin peptide in bee venom which has diverse biological effects. In this paper, melittin was separated by reverse-phase HPLC and detected by the intrinsic fluorescence signal of tryptophan residue. Results indicated that the intrinsic fluorescence signal of melittin was linear ranged from 0.04 to 20 µg/mL with the LOQ of 0.04 µg/mL. The recovery range of spiked samples was between 81.93 % and 105.25 %. Since the large linear dynamic range and the sensitivity enhancement by using intrinsic fluorescence detection, this method can be used for analyzing melittin contents in individual venom sac of honeybee (Apis mellifera). Results indicated that there was large bee-to-bee difference in melittin contents.

TQO-008

Analysis of phenolic compounds and abscisic acid of acacia honey by solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC

Hongcheng Zhang, Chunli Sun

Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China

The major components of honey are sugar and water, but some phenolic compounds may be responsible for honey quality. We investigated effects of four reversed phase (RP) and four reversed phase & anion-exchange (RP-AE) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges as a pre-concentration technique for honey phenolics. Eleven acacia honey samples were collected from different apiaries of China and their phenolics and abscisic acid were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results reveal that RP-AE SPE cartridges are better than RP SPE cartridges for the pre-concentration of honey phenolics. This better preconcentration effect of RP-AE SPE cartridges might be a novel finding of our research. Strata-X-A cartridge may be a prime candidate among all investigated SPE cartridges. We identified cis-trans-abscisic acid and 19 phenolics occurring in acacia honey samples. Moreover, we infer that abscisic acid could be the landmark ingredient for quality control of acacia honey.

TQO-007

Methodological study on quantitative analysis of the royal jellyprotein apisin.

Takako Furusawa, Yasuko Arai, Kenji Kato, Kenji Ichihara

API Co., Ltd., Gifu, Japan

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Royal jelly is secreted by young worker bees to exclusively nourish queen bees. RJ consists primarily of water (60-70%), proteins (9-18%), lipids (3-8%), and carbohydrates (7-18%). RJ protein includes the major royal jelly protein (MRJP) family (i.e., MRJP1-9), apisin, and apisimin etc. Apisin forms the greater part of RJ protein and exists in nature as a protein complex consisting of MRJP 1 and apisimin. Thus, apisin should be quantitatively regulated as well as 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, a fatty acid unique to RJ. However, there are only a few reports on the quantification method of apisin, especially no reports about a highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. For these reasons, we tried to develop the HPLC method for quantitative analysis of apisin. First, we isolated apisin by isoelectric precipitation, follo wed by purification with size-exclusion chromatography to make a reference standard for quantitative analysis with HPLC. The purified apisin was detected as a single peak on HPLC chromatogram and as the component proteins MRJP1 and apisimin on SDS-PAGE and LC-MS analysis. Second, apisin was dried by a lyophilization treatment with trehalose to obtain its stable powder. Trehalose is usually used to prevent lyophilization-induced denaturation of protein. The apisin powder obtained was stable for at least twelve months at 4 and -20. Finally, the apisin content in several RJ products was quantified by HPLC- size-exclusion chromatography using the apisin powder as a standard in order to investigate the possibility of utilizing apisin as a specific marker for quality control of RJ.

Symposium: Breeding and Selection

TQO-047

Hive double queen as a tool to increase the honey production and requeening in Apis mellifera in subtroplical climate

Pablo Chipulina2, Gladys Schaab1, Anibal Gomez1, Alfonso Lorenzo3,

Edgardo Rodriguez4, Emilio Figini5

1 Beekeper, Coop Misky Sumaj

2 Tec. Producción Apícola –PROAPI. Á rea Apícola Ministerio de Producción – Chaco – Argentina chipuli napablo@hotmail.com

3 Ministerio de agricultura Ganadería y Pesca de la Nacion. Argentina

4Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias (UNCPBA) -Tandil-Argentina-PROAPI

5INTA EEA Balcarce. Fac. Cs. Veterinarias. PROAPI, Argentina

In the province of Chaco with a subtropical climate, with temperatures reaching 45 °C, and rainfall averages between 800 and 1000 mm by year with very irregular distribution. . The objective of this work was to develop the technical production with double queens of Apis melifera under the conditions of the Argentinean Chaco which shares with much of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). 60-70 days before the honey flow when hives are 6 – 7 frames of brood (FB). Day 0: are split into two chambers on the top (HT) is placed the mated queens with 4 FB in the bottom (HB) 2 capped FB and a queen cell.are separated with double mesh, both hives have entrance to the outdoors. Day 17 days when the queens are mated move 2 FB without the bees are move from HT to HB. Average of mated rate in the last three seasons 84%. Day 25 FB HT are lowered to HB. Day 42-50 adding HT HB reach 14 - 15 FB, then the old mated queens is killed (HT) and join in one. The average performance over the past three seasons has been 68 kg beehive year, compared with the control 23 kg. Considering that production costs to be added three additional visits to the apiary, the cost of a cell and cost of a real cell. Obtaining a 47.8% more production increase and having the hives with new queens.

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TQO-048

The roles of pollen consumption on queen introduction

Hossein Yeganehrad2, Hamzeh Ramezani Karim1, Sajad Jazani2

1 University of British Columbia, Canada

2 Caspian Apiaries, Canada

The age of the queen is fundamental to beekeeping success. Take this hypothetical scenario into consideration. In a beekeeping operation of 50 hives, half of queens are over two years old and the remaining 25 queens, 10 out of the 25 remaining queens have fertility problems. These queens are likely to be superseded by their colonies, while the remaining 15 queens will function at % 75 capacity. Subsequently, half of beekeeper’s colonies are either failing or have failed. The ramification of failing queens is enormous as they are a strain not only to the beekeeper’s finances and honey yield, but also to the beekeeper’s time. Therefore, the colonies are required to be requeened.

Requeening in early spring amidst the honey and pollen flows is easier than at the end of the honey flow; it is more difficult to introduce queens in dependent on pheromones and the colony’s diet. Furthermore, colonies require a great deal of nourishment to produce worker and royal jellies. In the course of our study, we were able to produce high levels of worker jelly and royal jelly with the nutritional supplements including royal jelly, pheromones, pollen and honey. We introduced over 1000 queens, and the rate of queen acceptance was between 97 to 100 percent in Canada in 2014. Remarkably, when queens were introduced to a colony at the end of honey flow, their acceptance was nearly % 100. Ultimately, this study demonstrates how supplying a hive with adequate nutrition can enhance the acceptance of queens.

TQO-042

New strategies of beekeeping production – Genetic variability Evaluation of hygienic behavior and its relationship to varroosis

Osvaldo Atela1, Ssusana Bruno2, Pilar De La Rua3, Rodrigo Altamirano4

1 Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios - Cabaña Apiario Pedro J. Bover, Spain

One hundred colonies of honey bees bred by beekeepers in different regions of the Argentine Republic were evaluated in the Apiary Pedro J. Bover, General Belgrano, BA Province, through their hygienic behavior and related with their infection rate of Varroasis; for whose evaluation the method of nitrogen liquid was used. Likewise, mitochondrial DNA was determined. To observe their correlation, 89% of the colonies, in the first year of evaluation (spring 2012) exceeded the threshold of collapse (UC) (more than 10% in adult bee infection rate) with a hygienic behavior (CH) average of 87%. 11% of the colonies, evaluated in the second year (spring 2013) were also overcome by the UC with a CH average of 90%.It is discussed the lower significance of the CH surpassing the strictness of the selection of 85% with an index of correlation of the 0.33 (R = 0.33). Although there is a weak association between the CH and the percentage of Varroa, that association is not present when analyzing data to haplotypes level or provincial level. This leads us to think that CH is a response to the presence of Varroosis, but it fails to be effective enough to reduce the infection rate of the illness. The haplotypes found were C1a, C2c and C2j in 97% of the samples, while 3% corresponded to Africanised haplotype A1.

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This primary information is essential to determine the interaction, A. mellifera - Varroa destructor – haplotypes, in different kinds of bees in the country, in the same surrounding.

TQO-026

Effective technology of mother of god's bee-direction, with high productivity of honeybee rearing

Vyacheslav Gluschenko Nikodim1, Victor Fursov2

1 Private Apiary, Kalinovka village, Kiev region, Ukraine; Abkhazia Practical Research Institute of Mother of God Beekeeping and Beedirection, Sochi, Russian Federation

2 Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

Technology of intensive beekeeping, named “The Mother of God’s bee-direction” or “Virgin Mary’s beekeeping” was tested during 22 years of beekeeping experience. It is proposed for wide application. The Mother of God’s beekeeping system includes three united blocks of-storey beehives. Unique construction of beehive’s frame has Patent 2218757 “Construction for handling honeybees”. It was registrated in Russian Federation 20.12.2003. New bee-keeping technology consists in original construction of unique Mother of God’s frame. The size of frame is 290 mm x 215 mm that is half of Dadant’s frame size. This size is the most productive for bees brood growth. The

Mother of God’s frame are united in three-frame blocks, or unites, through use of side brackets. Separate beehive body consists of 12 frames which are united in 4 blocks. Advantages of block of three Mother of God’s frames are: 1) opportunity to make beehive in any hive, log hive or box with free space, or even without box; 2) easy removal of blocks from hive or transferration inside hive; 3) easy inspection of beehive; 4) easy making new nucleuses or separation of colonies; 5) easy for work of ageing beekeepers. Queen must be isolated in two bottom brood’s boxes by Hanneman’s division board. Honey is harvested only in upper boxes. Original construction or

4-storey beehive was created. The idea of unification of several 4-storey beehives in one “multi-beehive complex” was created. The advantage of this “complex” is prevention of swarming, very high productivity of bees rearing and honey harvesting.

TQO-002

Natural nest characteristics of Apis mellifera jemenitica (Hymenoptera; Apidae) and its implications in frame hive adoption

Nuru Adgaba, Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Awraris Getachew, Yilma Tadesse, Jved Ansari

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Science, King Saud University,

Saudi Arabia nuruadgaba@gmail.com

Apis mellefera jemenitica is the smallest race of A.mellifera both in its body and colony sizes. In the current study we assessed the natural nest volume, workers brood cell dimensions and bee space of the race through measuring their dimensions from naturally build combs in log hives. The optimum box hive volume of the race assessed by keeping colonies at different volumes of frames hives with four replications and monitored for a period of one

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year. The occupied nest volume and comb surface area of the race in log hives were 12.28±5.98l and 8017.2±3110.60cm2 respectively which are significantly smaller than other A.mellifera races. The work brood cells width and depth of the race were 4.07±0.17mm and 9.39±0.42mm respectively and the race builds an average of 262.5 more worker brood cells/dm2 than build on embossed foundation sheet. The race maintains an average of 7.27±1.35mm bee space and naturally builds 30% more combs/unit length than other races. Based on the study; box hive with seven frames found to be an optimum for the race in the region. The study indicates the importance of designing box hives and accessories that match with the natural nest conditions, their body and colony sizes which may contribute to enhance their productivities.

TQO-025

A GIS approach for determination of the optimum beekeeping density and productivity during Talh (Acacia gerrardii Benth.) flow

Awad Hassan, Abdulaziz Alqarni, Hael Raweh, Ayman Owayss

King Saud University

Bee forage is the most important factor deciding beekeeping and honey productivity. Therefore, beekeeping must be spatially planned to be compatible with bee forage. Extremely rare efforts have been done to employ GIS and remote sensing (RS) in apiculture. We used these tools to map the optimum beekeeping density and productivity during Talh (Acacia gerrardii Benth.) flow. The areas of interest were two Talh prairies (Rawdhat-Khoraim and Huraymila) in Saudi Arabia. Spot 5 imageries (2.5 m resolution) were classified to get the distribution of Talh trees. ArcGIS 10.2.1 was used in image processing, and data management, analysis, and presentation. The outputs were mainly maps of Talh distribution, the optimum beekeeping sites, and the optimum predicted honey yield of these sites. Each Talh tree produced nectar that adequate to create 45 kg of Talh honey seasonally. Nevertheless, only 8.5 kg/tree/season of Talh honey could be harvested (yield). Currently, Rawdhat-Khoraim carries 1011 colonies (in non-optimum distribution) and produces 4852 kg/season. Optimally, it should carry 1413 colonies distributed in 12 beekeeping sites to produce 9619 kg/season. Huraymila should carry 2202 colonies distributed in 9 beekeeping sites, and they are supposed to produce 14992 kg/season. The current beekeeping scheme is extremely far less productive than the optimum. The resulted data and maps represent guide to the apiculturists for the best beekeeping plans during Talh flow. The study present an approach to use RS and GIS in describing, planning and managing of bee flows and predicting their honeys yields.

TQO-027

Effects of division management of colony

Linyu Tang

National Natural Conservation Area of Northeastern Black Bee, Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province,

China Apicultural Association of Raohe County,

Heilongjiang Province, China

Through more than 50 years of keeping northeastern black bee (Apis mellifera ssp.) in National Natural Conservation Area of Northeastern Black Bee in Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province of China, and through years of practice and research, I invented a new beekeeping mode—Division Management of Colony, which is

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easy to practice, more efficient, more productive and can save time. We divide the hive into spawning area, brood area and honey storing area according to the different functions of bees, each area with different ways of management. Bees with different ages and duties work in different areas in a well-sequenced order. Through the division management of colony, the biological characteristics of bees, beekeeping environment and the production of beekeepers are harmoniously united, production cost and labor intensity are reduced and the optimum economical benefits is achieved.

Symposium: Characterization of Honey and Bee Products I

TQO-023

Phenolic compounds identified as markers of origin in honey from Colombian coffee crops

Edith Castro Cruz1, Martha Quicazán Sierra2, Juan Marin Loaiza2

1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia 2 National University of Colombia, Colombia

Colombia is worldwide known for the production of high quality coffee; the crops are in continuous improvement towards sustainability. Agricultural practices, environmental conditions and management systems support its Designation of Origin, Certification of Mark and Protected Geographic Indication. To the north of the country, in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, coffee crops have Organic Certification; in addition, beekeeping is practiced there because of the important service of pollination. Therefore, honey collected in this area has a unique identity, associated with that environment. To demonstrate its singularities, 70 honey samples from apiaries located in coffee crops in that region, were subjected to extraction, identification and quantification of the content of flavonoids and phenolic acids by HPLC-DAD and MS-UFLC confirmation. 12 compounds were identified. Among them was permanent the presence of caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and cinnamic acid and in concentrations from 0.10 to 1.83 g / g honey and the flavonoids luteolin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, in concentrations between 0.10 to 29.66 g / g honey; isorhamnetin was predominant in all samples. It was evident the same chromatographic profile for all honeys, with variation in signal strength, fact that can be considered as a fingerprint of these honeys. Together with other proofs related with composition and safety, this information supports the special features and quality labels for these honeys, related with the unique character of Colombia coffee.

TQO-035

Flavonoid compounds propolis

Elena Vakhonina, Nataliya Budnikova, Dmiyrii Mitrofanov, Galina Stepantseva

FSBSI “RI of Beekeeping”, Russia

Studied propolis harvested in 2011-2014, apiaries on a number of subjects of the Russian Federation and Belarus, which are located in natural zones: forest, steppe and deciduous forests. Total flavonoid compounds (which include natural pigments anthocyanins, anthocyanidins and leukoanthocyanidins) in propolis samples averaged 36.82% with fluctuations of samples from 15.6 to 88.5%. The number of routine in the samples of propolis averaged 2.42% with fluctuations of samples from 0.05 to 4.5%; the largest number of routine found in propolis from the Ryazan region (3.5-4.0%) and Belarus (3.5%). The amount of quercetin - an average of 4.92% with

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fluctuations on samples from 0.7 to 14.97%, the largest found in propolis from the Ryazan region (8,34-14,97%), Belarus (12.28%) and Krasnodar Region (9,3-12,75%);naringenin - an average of 7.73% with fluctuations on samples from 4.2 to 12.9%, the largest amount determined in propolis from the Kursk region (9.1%), the Republic of Chuvashia (8.8%), Mari El (9,0%), Udmurt (9.9%), the Krasnodar Territory (12.9%), polyphenolic compounds - an average of 12.23% with a range from 5.9 to 20.9%, the largest amount found in propolis Krasnodar Territory (20.9%), the Republic of Adygea (19.8%), the Kursk region (16.5%), Altai Territory (16.7%). The investigations have shown that propolis from Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Vologda, Voronezh regions, the Republic of Adygea, Chuvashia, Udmurtia, Mari El, Krasnodar region, contains a large number of biologically active flavonoid compounds, and is a valuable resource for the creation of medicines and dietary supplements.

TQO-039

Polyphenolic and sugar profiles of nectars of some melliferous plants

Živoslav Teši, Uroš Gaši, Tomislav Tosti, Dušanka Milojkovi-Opsenica

Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Honey is the natural sweet substance produced by Apis mellifera bees mainly from the nectar of plants. In chemical sense, honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of different carbohydrates, which also contains a very complex mixture of amino and organic acids, minerals, aroma compounds, polyphenolics, vitamins, enzymes and other phytochemicals. These phytochemicals are responsible for known the health benefits of honey, especially its antioxidant, protective or disease preventive properties. Chemical composition of honey is very dependent on nectar-providing plant species. In order to trace the most important phytochemicals that characterize honey, the aim of this work was characterization of nectar polyphenolics and sugars in some melliferous plants from Serbia. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their glycosides in acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), lime (Tilia cordata), and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) nectars were analyzed by using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with hybrid mass spectrometer (UHPLC–OrbiTrap). Quantification was done using 25 available standards. In the absence of standards, a UHPLC LTQ OrbiTrap was utilized for the identification of the individual polyphenolic compounds, mainly flavonol glycosides. A total of 21 compounds were identified based on the search for the [M– H]– deprotonated molecule and its MS4 fragmentation. Sugar profile was determined using High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC/PAD). A total of 15 sugars were quantified using available standards. Fructose and glucose were the major constituents of all nectar samples. Sucrose content was significant in the lime nectar sample (190 mg/kg), while in acacia and oilseed rape nectars were lower, 22 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively.

TQO-043

"An analysis of the challenges faced by SMES in marketing honey in the third world countries", a case study of Nairobi, Kenya.

Benson Wainaina

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National Beekeeping Institute, Kenya

Understanding the dynamics and challenges faced by honey traders in marketing their honey products is an important component in the battle against sale of sub standard products in the Kenyan markets. Yet policy makers in the developing countries particularly in Africa have often overlooked the important role that the bee keeping industry plays in the provision of social and economic lifeline particularly for communities living in the ASAL regions.

Despite the increasing awareness of the role the honey entrepreneurs can play in availing this vital commodity in our daily food intake, research on honey marketing has been limited. In response to this gap, a study of the challenges facing honey traders in Nairobi was undertaken. The overall goals of the study were to understand the extent to which these challenges impact on the performance of honey marketers as a whole, identify the factors associated with adulteration of honey, and identify honey traders information requirement in order to develop appropriate intervention mechanisms.

The survey method was used in the systematic data collection of 40 honey traders. A purposive sampling of all dealers of honey selling their merchandise in Nairobi was selected for the study and the three week period census of all honey traders trading in honey offered the interview guide.

Symposium: Characterization of honey and bee products II

TQO-032

Chemical properties of Portuguese lavender honey

Consumer’s preference for unifloral honeys is becoming more and more important in the international trade. As a direct impact, the quality parameters of honey and its specifications became a decision factor in its valorization, inducing a specialization trend in the production husbandry of unifloral honeys. Lavender honey is one of the most common honeys in Portugal due to the wide spontaneous dispersion of different Lavandula species: L. pedunculata (Mill.) Cav., the most abundant, L. stoechas with the subspecies stoechas and luisieri, and L. viridis. The quality standards for lavender honey are internationally established, nevertheless, Portuguese honeys faces sometimes difficulties to fit within those parameters. This work (funded by PAN 2014-2016) present a survey on Portuguese lavender honey, with 75 samples collected in 2014, from regions with high potential for this type of unifloral honey. All the analysis where made according to the harmonized methods of IHC, after melissopalynology confirmation. The color of Portuguese Lavender honey falls between white and extra light amber, with a moisture content below 17%. This is a low conductivity honey with 0.27 mS/cm on average, and a free acidity between 1839 meq/kg. Unlike the international standards for lavender honey, the results for diastase are very low, with more than 55% of samples remaining below 8 DN, revealing the low enzymatic content of Portuguese lavender honey, corroborate by the HMF values, on average around 11 mg/kg. The sugar profile analysis, confirmed the monosaccharides fructose and glucose above 60 % but also the presence of sucrose.

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TQO-034

New approach on sensory analysis of honey, according to Ayurvedic knowledge

Cristina Pavel1, Cristina-Daniela Cimpean2, Laura Stan3

1 Romanian Apitherapy Society

2 Asociatia pentru promovarea Medicinelor Neconventionale Romania

3 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca

Sensory analysis is today a standardized method, very important to establish the quality of a honey sample. On the other hand, in Ayurveda, ancient Indian Traditional Medicine, the sensorial approach of a product is much more complex: it takes into consideration a combination of six tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, spicy and astringent), as well as the perception and d escription of other inner effects on emotional level and on physical body (vitality, circulation, digestion, respiration and other functions of the body). This article is the first to apply Ayurvedic approach to sensory analysis of honey samples in order to obtain a better characterization of medicinal and nutritive qualities of different types of honey. Ayurveda recommends personalized recipes for every health problems and every person, taking into consideration also, constitutional types of people. Using its criteria of value for honey samples, it becomes possible to understand better the qualities of some types of honey which are not so appreciated today, even they are more valuable and useful for specific conditions.

TQO-011

Functional and physicochemical properties of pine honeys collected between 2010 and 2014 from Turkey

Ufuk Alpat, Emel Damarl1, Tuçe Datan, Ö zge Erdem Sönmezer, Elif Yorulmaz Ö nder

Altparmak Food Co., Turkey

8750 pine honey samples from Aegean coast of Turkey were collected between 2010 and 2014. These samples were evaluated for their physicochemical (moisture, electrical conductivity, free acidity, diastase activity, HMF, proline, sugar profile, C4 sugar values) and melissopalynological properities (starch/pollen and honeydewelements/pollen) and some of them were evaluated for fu nctio na l p r o p er itie s (mi ner a l co ntent, total phenolic conte nts, a ntio xid ant activit y, a nti micro bia l activity and fructooligosacharides). The minerals were determined by ICPMS. Samples contained high amounts of K, Ca, Fe and Zn. Potassium was quantitatively the most important mineral. Total phenolic contents were evaluated using Folin Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated based on the ability of the extracts to scavenge DPPH. All samples showed results between 67,7% and 77,0%. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated based on the ability of the extracts to inhibite the growth of some bacteria. And fructooligosacharides were determined by HPLC-RI dedectors. All samples showed Raffinose, 1-Kestose and Nystose. Average values were 0,5%, 0,6%, 1,8% respectively. C4 sugars were analyzed with IRMS-EA and 88,5% of the samples showed C4 sugar values below 7,0%. Most often seen value for C4 sugar was 0% (22,3% of samples). Average values for moisture, electrical conductivity, free acidity, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural and proline were 17,03%, 1,12 mS/cm, 24,75 meq/kg, 18,53 DN, 2,92 mg/kg and 589,9 mg/kg respectively. The sugar profile analysis were analyzed by HPLC-RI. The minimum value for sum of Fructose and Glucose was 45,4% and the average was 58,32%. The maximum value for Fructose/Glucose ratio was 1,41 and the average was 1,21.

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TQO-020

Chemical analyses of bee collected pollen from Slovenia (Sustainable project honey future)

Natasa Lilek

Slovenian Beekeepers Asocciation, Slovenia

Bee collected pollen can be used for monitoring of the environmental pollution and also represents a good source of different nutrients important for bees and humans. Bee pollen composition varies depending on its botanical origin and country. Twelve samples of bee pollen from Carniolan bee (Apis mellifera carnica) were collected during the 2014 season from April to September. For analyses mixed bee pollen samples were used. That kind of bee pollen is also collected by the beekeepers. The contents of water, protein, fat, ash and heavy metals were determined, and the total carbohydrate content and energy value were calculated. Fifty-three different botanical families or species were identified in these bee pollen samples. Fresh bee pollen contained on average 25.0% of water, 20.2% of proteins, 7.2% of fat, 2.0% of ash, and 45.0% of total carbohydrate, with an average energy value of 13.7 MJ/kg. Average contents of heavy metals were in these fresh bee pollens for Al (38.50 mg/kg), Cu (9.37 mg/kg), Zn (32.20 mg/kg), Cd (0.09 mg/kg), Co (0.12 mg/kg), Pb (0.18 mg/kg), Fe (69.24 mg/kg), Pd (<1.0 mg/kg), Pt (<0.10 mg/kg), Rh (<5.0 mg/kg), Ag (<0.05 mg/kg) and Au (<0.05 mg/kg). PAH, PBC and pesticide residues were under detection limits (<0.05 mg/kg). Existing data show one-year study which will be continued in the future. The results from this study were obtained within the sustainability project on the Future of honey, supported by the company Hofer from Slovenia and shows good practice between socially beneficial company and beekeepers.

TQO-009

Physical properties, hydroxymethylfurfural and sugars profile of Ethiopian honey

Abera Belay

Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Background. Ethiopia is 1st in Africa, and one of the largest producers of honey in the world. The objective of this paper was to describe the physical properties, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and sugar profile of Ethiopian honey. Methodology . Honey samples were described as mono and polyfloral, using Harmonized methods of Melissopalynology. Thirty six honey samples for physical properties and HMF, and seventy two for sugar profile were investigated in Bundang, South Korea. Result and discussion. Honey samples were found to be Schefflera abyssinica, Croton macrostachys, Eucalyptus globules, polyfloral I, Acacia Senegal, polyfloral II, Hypoestes and Syzygium guineense. Mean±sd values were described below based on sequence of these botanical origin. Moisture and aw were 20.54±1.28and0.60±0.02, 18.56±1.45and0.58±0.03, 14.14±0.19and0.48±0.01, 14.79±0.25and 0.51± 0.01, 15.75±0.42and0.53±0, 16.53±0.13and0.54±0.01, 14.97±0.14and0.52± 0.00; 15.26± 0.01and0.54±0, respectively. L*(lightness/darkness), a*(redness/greenness) and b*(yellowness/blueness) color were 50.72±0.35,0.06±0.13,3.29±1.10; 39.82±1.82,1.45±0.71,11.57±2.06; 44.81±1.12, -0.13±0.23,6.40±0.73; 49.15±4.04,-0.27±0.57, 3.79±2.21; 51.09±0.08, -0.45±0.01, 4.60±0.10; 49.99±0.27, 0.09±0.11, 2.21±0.32; 56.28±0.36,0. 23±0.10, 0.79±0.18; 44.51±0.52, 0.15±0.01, 6.70±0.26, respectively. pH and acidity were 3.77±0.23 and 23.90±1.85, 3.61±0.07 and 54.88±6.66, 4.57±0.07and21.0±0.82, 3.83±0.12 and 23.50±3.51, 3.52±0.41 and 21.50±0.71, 3.63±0.021 and 25.00±0, 3.38±0.06 and 20.00±0, 3.68±0.035 and 22.50±0.71

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