Vocabulary – 3

Study Vocabulary – 3 and then do exercise 4.

acceptance	приживляємість	homologous graft	алотрансплан­тати
allograft	алотрансплан­тат	homologous transplantation	гомотрансплан­тація
autologous transplantation	аутотрансплан­тація	human leucocyteantigen panels	панелі антигенів лейкоцитів людини
cadaver	посмертний донор	living unrelated person	живий неспорід­нений донор
failing organ	пошкоджений орган	suppression	імуносупресія
genetically close parent	близький генетичний родич першої лінії спорідненості	xenotransplant	ксенотрансплан­тат
genetically identical twin	генетично ідентичний однояйцевий близнюк	xenotransplanta­tion	ксенотрансплан­тація
graft	трансплантат

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps and translate the text.

acceptance

antigens

donor organs

failing organ

grafted tissue

monitoring and support

recipient human

rejection

suppression

Transplantation

Transplantation (grafting) is the replacement of a (1) ________ or tissue by a functioning one.

Transplantation may be from the same person (autologous), from the same species (homologous – the allograft can come from a genetically identical twin, genetically close parent or sibling, living unrelated person, or cadaver) or from a different species (xenotransplant).

Human tissues carry highly specific (2) ________, which cause the immune system to react to "foreign" materials. Grafts of a person’s own tissue (such as skin grafts) are therefore well tolerated. Homologous grafts are plagued by attempted (3) ________ by the (4) ________. The biological acceptability of the graft is measured by tissue typing of the donor and recipient using the human leucocyte antigen, or HLA, panels. The closer the match between the donor and the recipient, the greater the chance of graft (5) ________ and function. Xenotransplantation is as yet entirely experimental because of tissue rejection and the possibility of transmitting animal diseases to the human recipient.

Organ transplantation has two sets of problems. The first relate to the recipient: the magnitude of the procedure and the intricacies of the surgical technique, the avoidance of rejection (acute or chronic) of the (6) ________ because of antigens in the tissue, and temporary and long-term (7) ________ of the recipient’s immune processes, with resulting infections and cancers. The second set of problems relates to the graft itself: the source of the graft and its collection, preservation, and transport to the recipient. Associated problems are ethical and economic, including the expense of the procedure and the cost of long-term (8) ________ of the patient.

Many of the technical problems associated with transplantation are gradually being overcome. Obtaining (9) ________ and distributing them equitably remain critical problems.

Transplantation is well established for skin, teeth, bone, blood, bone marrow, cornea, heart, kidney, liver, and to a lesser extent for the lung, pancreas, and intestines. On occasion two transplants are combined, such as heart and lung or pancreas and kidney.