II. Answer the following questions on the text:

Who is cockney?

What is the Barbican?

What are betting shops?

III. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Ladies and gentlemen

Lady is a woman of the wealthy, leisured class;

• any woman who behaves with the dignity and social grace ascribed to her class;

• in polite and conventional usage — a woman.

Lady is a British rank for the wife of a knight, baronet or Lord, and for the daughter of an earl, marquees or duke. It is also used as a form of address or reference for marchioness, countess, viscountess or baroness. Gentlewoman is a woman of good family.

• A gentleman is a man of wealthy leisured class;

• a man of high principles, honourable and courteous:

• in polite and conventional usage - a man;

• historically, a man entitled to bear arms, but not a noble man;

• in law - a man who does not work for his living but lives on private income.

Gentleman-at-arms is a member of the British sovereign's bodyguard. Gentleman farmer is a man who runs a farm without being financially dependent on it. Gentleman's gentleman is a valet. Gentlemen's agreement is binding in honour, but not written and not enforced by law.

It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain. The true gentleman carefully avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt. His great concern is to make everyone at their ease and at home.

He is tender towards the distant and merciful towards the absurd; he can recollect to whom he is speaking, he guards against unseasonable topics: he is seldom prominent in conversation, and never wearisome.

He never speaks of himself except when compelled; he has no ear for slander or gossip. He is crapulous in imputing motives to those who interfere with him, and interprets everything for the best.

He is never mean or little in his disputes; never takes unfair advantage; never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments, or insinuates evil which he dare not say out. He observes the axiom, that we should ever conduct ourselves towards our enemy as if he were one day to be our friend.

He has too much good sense to be affronted at insults; he is too well employed to remember injuries, and too indolent to bear malice.

He is patient, forbearing, and resigned, on philosophical principles; he submits to pain, because it is inevitable, to bereavement, because it is irreparable, and to death, because it is his destiny. If he engages in controversy, his disciplined intellect preserves him from the discourtesy of better, though less educated minds.

He may be right or wrong in his opinion, but he is too clear-headed to be unjust; he is as simple as he is forcible, and as brief as he is decisive.

Notes

dignity - достоїнство

social grace - такт, люб'язність, благосклонність

honourable - почесний

courteous - ввічливий, з гарними манерами, учтивий gentleman-at-arms - лейб-гвардієць

to be tender of smb. - ставитися турботливо до когось merciful - милосердий, співчутливий

wearisome - нудний, що наводить смуток

forbearing - терплячий, стриманий

resigned - покірний

irreparable - непоправний

unjust - небезпідставний, несправедливий

forcible - переконливий

IV. Answer the questions:

Who is a lady for you?

Have you ever met a gentleman?

What is gentlemen's agreement?

V. Describe a person (your friend or someone else) you admire using traits of character from the text.

Unit Fifteen

OUTSTANDING PEOPLE OK GREAT BRITAIN

Newton - Prominent English Scientist (1643 -1727)

Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all time, was born in the year in which Galileo died at the little village near Lincolnshire. His farther was a farmer. His mother was a housewife and very clever woman. Newton's school days were not remarkable. At school he was a strange boy, interested in constructing mechanical devices of his own design, curious about the world around him, but showing no signs of unusual brightness. He seemed to be rather slow in his studies in his age.

In the late 1650s he was taken out of school to help on his mother's farm, where he was clearly the world's worst farmer. His uncle detecting the scholar in the young man said that he had to be sent to Cambridge. In 1660 this was done and in 1665 Newton graduated. The plague hit London and he retired to his mother's farm to remain out of danger. He had already worked out the binomial theorem in mathematics.

At his mother's farm something greater happened. He watched an apple fall to the ground and began to wonder if the same force that pulled the apple down also' held the Moon in its grip. The story of the apple has often been thought a myth, but according to Newton's own words, it is true. This event led him to a great scientific discovery.

Newton theorized that the rate of fall was proportional to the strength of the gravitational force and that this force fell off according to the square of" the distance from the centre of the Earth. (This is the famous «inverse square» law); He made his calculations which appeared to be wrong and did not prove his observation. He was dreadfully disappointed and put the problem of gravitation aside for fifteen years.

In this same period 1665—1666 Newton conducted startling optical experiments. Newton's prism experiments made him famous. In 1669 his mathematics teacher resigned in his favour and Newton at twenty-seven found himself a professor of mathematics at Cambridge. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1672. His famous «Ргіnсіріа Mathematica» was published in 1687. It is the greatest scientific work ever written.

Newton was respected in his lifetime as no scientist before him. When he died he was buried in Westminster Abbey along with England's heroes. The great French literary figure Voltaire, who was visiting England at that time, commented with admiration that England honoured a mathematician as other nations honoured a king. The Latin inscription on his tomb ends with the sentence, «Mortals! Rejoice at so great an ornament to the human rасе!»