48 Languages that are historically procedural languages, but have been extended with some oo features. Examples: Visual Basic (derived from basic), Fortran 2003, Perl, cobol 2002, php, abap.

162 roughly equivalent to a loosely coupled variant record, with derived classes

166 be set or respecified by a derived class. This is roughly equivalent to a

167 pointer or function pointer in the base class being set by the derived class.

180 derived class, parent class

183 derived class terminology

250 within subclasses (also called derived classes). A Stack's representation

272 above, classes can also specify access permissions for clients and derived

419 base class and the tail indicating the derived class.

440 which to choose becomes an issue. Eiffel forces derived classes to rename

493 close to what's required; a derived class can be created to specialize it.

531 derived classes into a common base (or parent) is generalization [Booch 91,

533 (virtual in Simula and C++) method in a derived class, thus providing

535 "frozen" features in Eiffel can be "redefined" in a derived class. Whenever

536 a method is invoked on an object of the base class, the derived class method

676 declared in a base class may have several functions overriding it in a derived

916 (or type) when assuming or becoming an object of a derived class characterizes

995 more than required. Since derived classes can inherit structure and behavior

1036 The use of derived classes and virtual functions is often called "object-

1050 any object of a derived class. Is this polymorphism in itself? Objects

1051 can take on objects of different forms (the derived classes), but of what use

1055 derived class and working its way up). But for static objects, a virtual

1056 function is invoked. This is the stored method from the derived class that

1067 function at run-time because a derived class may override the function, in

1075 in in the derived class, along with offsets to reset the receiver).

1104 OO), called its most derived class. An object not directly contained in any

1106 of several classes, including all of the classes its declared (or most derived)

1244 derived class does not have a desired attribute, it "delegates" responsibility

1897 can be derived from existing ones and the resulting configurations

level

82 Carnegie-Mellon University Professor Robert Harper in March 2011 wrote: "This semester Dan Licata and I are co-teaching a new course on functional programming for first-year prospective CS majors... Object-oriented programming is eliminated entirely from the introductory curriculum, because it is both anti-modular and anti-parallel by its very nature, and hence unsuitable for a modern CS curriculum. A proposed new course on object- oriented design methodology will be offered at the sophomore level for those students who wish to study this topic."

191 only objects, they are referred to as single-hierarchy, or 1 Level systems.

199 concept, will result. Typical 1 Level objects can contain any number of

225 1 level systems therefore provide the most flexible and powerful capabilities.

308 1 Level System

313 2 Level System

318 3 Level System

322 2 Level System). This allows classes to

326 5 Level System

327 What Smalltalk provides. Like a 3 Level System, but there is an extra level

329 a 3 Level System, but as a class it also has a specialized Meta-Class, the

330 "Meta-Class class" and this results in a 5 Level System:

389 provide this as a default at the level of slots and features, respectively).

582 are objects in 3 Level Systems and above because classes are instances of

585 meta-class). In 1 Level (single-hierarchy) systems, all classes are objects.

587 In a Level 3 System and above yes, but only instances of a Meta-Class are

830 (CMM), a process-based TQM model for assessing the level of an organization's

832 in the US [Humphrey 89]. The CMM also serves as a 5 level improvement process

833 by specifying steps for organizations to progress to the next level, ultimately

839 Level 1: Initial: Every project is handled differently; ad hoc and chaotic.

840 Level 2: Repeatable: Every project is handled similarly.

841 Level 3: Defined: Standard processes are defined and used for all projects.

842 Level 4: Managed: A measurable basis for all improvements to the process.

843 Level 5: Optimizing: Emphasis on defect prevention and optimizing

1237 This refers to the usual class and object model. Its any 2+ level system

1242 This is the 1 Level System as Described under Meta-Classes. Delegation refers

1267 delegation and classical systems, where parent classes have an extra level

2239 Access Group's Call Level Interface standard, DDM can interoperate

oriented

4 Objects are used in software development to implement abstract data structures, by bringing together the data components with the procedures that manipulate them. Objects in object- oriented programming are key in the concept of inheritance; thereby improving program reliability[attribution needed], simplification of software maintenance[attribution needed], the management of libraries, and the division of work in programmer teams. Object-oriented programming languages are generally designed to exploit and enforce these potential advantages of the object model. Objects can also make it possible to handle very disparate objects by the same piece of code, as long as they all have the proper method. Simple, non-OOP programs may be one "long" list of statements (or commands). More complex programs will often group smaller sections of these statements into functions or subroutines each of which might perform a particular task. With designs of this sort, it is common for some of the program's data to be 'global', i.e. accessible from any part of the program. As programs grow in size, allowing any function to modify any piece of data means that bugs can have wide-reaching effects.

9 An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as a collection of interacting objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent "machine" with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "methods") on these objects. The terms "objects" and "oriented" in something like the modern sense of object- oriented programming seem to make their first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes); Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966.[3] Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960-61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, linked data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) directly with procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods" and "member functions".

52 In recent years, object-oriented programming has become especially popular in dynamic programming languages. Python, Ruby and Groovy are dynamic languages built on OOP principles, while Perl and PHP have been adding object oriented features since Perl 5 and PHP 4, and ColdFusion since version 5.

80 Steve Yegge, making a roundabout comparison with Functional programming, writes, "Object Oriented Programming puts the Nouns first and foremost. Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another? It's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think. It's a strangely skewed perspective."

82 Carnegie-Mellon University Professor Robert Harper in March 2011 wrote: "This semester Dan Licata and I are co-teaching a new course on functional programming for first-year prospective CS majors... Object-oriented programming is eliminated entirely from the introductory curriculum, because it is both anti-modular and anti-parallel by its very nature, and hence unsuitable for a modern CS curriculum. A proposed new course on object- oriented design methodology will be offered at the sophomore level for those students who wish to study this topic."

137 oriented databases and operating systems (object id's). A "proxy" based

511 oriented languages which are then associated with the term "inheritance"

782 (see below) and discusses other alternatives to the task oriented models. He

1002 oriented language using inclusion polymorphism with respect to replacement;

1037 oriented programming". Furthermore, the ability to call a variety of

1111 oriented languages, since a member is defined as above in CLOS, but a member of

1432 Five Object Oriented Development Methods, Research report, HP Laboratories,

1435 oriented analysis methods. Journal of Object Oriented Programming (JOOP), pp

1455 Comparison of Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodologies, Hawaii

1469 Oriented Design," The Communications of ACM, (33, 9) Sept. 1990, pp. 104-1124.

1552 1) Object Oriented Databases;

1599 oriented product announcements. All OMG activities and the

1789 oriented applications.

1869 Object Oriented Technologies Ltd,

1941 distributed, object oriented applications following a consistent and

1946 traditional flat file databases, relational databases or object oriented

2384 oriented paradigm of objects sending messages to each other (possibly from

2510 Validation and Testing of Object Oriented Systems, BT Technol

2548 oriented code and has a chapter on how it was done at Stepstone

2559 Object Oriented Systems, M.P.R Teltech Ltd. A poster at the

2560 Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems, Languages

2618 Oriented Programs", Technical Report TR-2

g