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140 Objects [Kim 89, ch 19 and Yaoqing 93]. Simple static approaches are found in

188 prototyping languages [Kim 89, ch3; Ungar 87, Sciore 89] have a more

431 [Kim 89, ch 4], make good use of mixins by invoking their methods without

554 These definitions are also found in [Booch 91, Ch2 and Wegner 87].

567 ch 19 and Yaoqing 93] provide another example of a distributable and migratable

623 number of new mechanisms added to COMMON LISP" [Kim ch 4, p70 (D. Moon)].

664 than one object to be exposed. See [Kim ch 4, pp70-71 (D. Moon)] for an

1043 [Stroustrup 90, ch 14]]

1241 See [Kim 89, ch 1,3].

1264 CLOS [Kim 89, ch 4] has a looser coupling of methods to classes and doesn't

1698 > CS Dept. University of Zurich, Switzerland. maffeis@ifi.unizh.ch

1706 CS Dept. University of Zurich, Switzerland. maffeis@ifi.unizh.ch

1710 From: Silvano Maffeis <maffeis@ifi.unizh.ch>

1718 ftp.ifi.unizh.ch: pub

computing

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

18 A survey by Deborah J. Armstrong of nearly 40 years of computing literature identified a number of "quarks", or fundamental concepts, found in the strong majority of definitions of OOP.

1656 Distributed Computing Group

1666 2. See Distributed Computing Monitor, March 93 for

1680 > ORBELINE - The SMART Object Request Broker - PostModern Computing

1752 distributed computing. HP provides a wide variety of distributed-computing

1766 The DCE (Distributed Computing Environment) standard provides an

1768 provide a distributed computing environment that's easy to administer. The

2024 for building computing applications and services on networks

2047 distributed computing applications for

2113 NCR, AT&T's computer business, brings computing and

2140 middleware achieves this, it makes enterprise computing a reality.

2216 computing environments, such as OS

2270 "Distributed Object Computing With CORBA", C++ Report, July

concepts

18 A survey by Deborah j. Armstrong of nearly 40 years of computing literature identified a number of "quarks", or fundamental concepts, found in the strong majority of definitions of oop.

19 Not all of these concepts are to be found in all object-oriented programming languages. For example, object-oriented programming that uses classes is sometimes called class-based programming, while prototype-based programming does not typically use classes. As a result, a significantly different yet analogous terminology is used to define the concepts of object and instance.

26 Similarly, in his 2003 book, Concepts in programming languages, John C. Mitchell identifies four main features: dynamic dispatch, abstraction, subtype polymorphism, and inheritance.Michael Lee Scott in Programming Language Pragmatics considers only encapsulation, inheritance and dynamic dispatch.[16]

27 Additional concepts used in object-oriented programming include:

34 There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts:

41 Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli, A Theory of Objects[18] for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions and pointers to other maps, all with some syntactic and scoping sugar on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping"). OBJECT:=>> Objects are the run time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle.

369 and constructing object systems. Natural means we use concepts,

481 the world by using classes and concepts for generalization and categorization,

615 Multi-methods involve two primary concepts, multiple-polymorphism and lack of

745 concepts (objects and classes), a particular problem within a problem domain

860 "Concepts on Measuring the Benefits of Software Process Improvement,"

definitions

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