2489 Bezier, Boris, "Software Testing Techniques", 2nd edition, Van Nostrand

notable

2438 Last revised on 93.10.27. The most notable change is in the additions

notations

602 Notations for invoking a method, and this invocation can be called a message

notions

9 An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as a collection of interacting objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent "machine" with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "methods") on these objects. The terms "objects" and "oriented" in something like the modern sense of object- oriented programming seem to make their first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes); Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966.[3] Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960-61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, linked data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) directly with procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods" and "member functions".

november

2011 November 19, 1993

nygaard

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

nyo

1648 comas@nyo.dec.com (212) 856-2507

objc

1310 objc.html)

object-communication

1776 Object-communication mechanism across heterogeneous networks by using the

objected-oriented

1391 It covers extensible objected-oriented programming from hardware up.

object-groups

1714 in C++. It supports object-groups, virtual synchrony, multithreading

object-id

1317 Structured subobjects, each object has its own identity, or object-id (as

'objects'

2 In the domain of object-oriented programming an object is usually taken to mean an ephemeral compilation of attributes (object elements) and behaviors (methods or subroutines) encapsulating an entity. In this way, while primitive or simple data types are still just single pieces of information, object-oriented objects are complex types that have multiple pieces of information and specific properties (or attributes). Instead of merely being assigned a value, (like int =10), objects have to be "constructed". In the real world, if a Ford Focus is an "object" - an instance of the car class, its physical properties and its function to drive would have been individually specified. Once the properties of the Ford Focus "object" had been specified into the form of the car class, it can be endlessly copied to create identical objects that look and function in just the same way. As an alternative example, animal is a superclass of primate and primate is a superclass of human. Individuals such as Joe Bloggs or John Doe would be particular examples or 'objects' of the human class, and consequently possess all the characteristics of the human class (and of the primate and animal superclasses as well).

object-service

1824 their own, HP has supplied several object-service interfaces for developers

objectworks

2649 used to validate the Tree classes. For ParcPlace Smalltalk (ObjectWorks

observable

714 of externally observable behavior; a complete, consistent, and feasible

observer

61 Behavioral patterns : Chain-of-responsibility pattern, Command pattern, Interpreter pattern, Iterator pattern, Mediator pattern, Memento pattern, Observer pattern, State pattern, Strategy pattern, Template method pattern, Visitor pattern.

obtain

2255 DOME Software System and obtain quick resolutions to problems.

obtainable

2556 Foundations, Champaign, Illinois, 1992. Copies may be obtainable

obtaining

1488 If you are interested in obtaining this book you can send an e-mail to

occurrences

472 allowing both shared and non-shared occurrences of a parent to coexist. All

odbms

1345 addresses and contact information for ODBMS vendors, ODMG membership

odbmss

1348 adding more links to related sites, bibliographies, and a FAQ for ODBMSs.

odell's

760 work. Many other methodologies including Rumbaugh's OMT, Martin and Odell's

odl

1347 ODMG-93 along with ODL lex and yacc files. In the future, we will be

officer

1792 executive officer of Information Advantage, Inc. "Our object-based

offset

169 in C++, which also involve an offset for the receiver to handle multiple-

ole

2174 - OLE Microsoft

ole-johan

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

omg-conforming

1523 communicating with OMG-conforming object-oriented systems;

omg-specific

1821 repository. In addition to these OMG-specific features, most developers

omg-specified

1670 generate OMG compliant code for OMG-specified languages).

ommissions

1910 ommissions:

omt

760 work. Many other methodologies including Rumbaugh's OMT, Martin and Odell's

on-line

2130 on-line data, information technology (IT) managers are turning to

ooas

820 A problem domain has many realizations, or differing OOAs. An OOA has many

ooda

739 Object-oriented domain analysis (OODA) seeks to identify reusable items

oodb

1330 lifetime and objects stored indefinitely in an OODB (which are persistent)

oodbms

1332 interactive user interface facilities, as found in a fully supported OODBMS.

oodms

1900 RDBMSs, OODMS, or a combination of these.

oods

821 realizations, or differing OODs, but a similar notation is often used for

oopls

1176 (subclass polymorphism), as is typical in most OOPLs. Dropping this

oops

822 the two. An OOD also has many realizations, or differing OOPs, but allows a

oop's

65 OOP can be used to associate real-world objects and processes with digital counterparts. However, not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real-world mapping (see Negative Criticism section) or that real-world mapping is even a worthy goal; Bertrand Meyer argues in Object-Oriented Software Construction that a program is not a model of the world but a model of some part of the world; "Reality is a cousin twice removed". At the same time, some principal limitations of OOP had been noted. For example, the Circle-ellipse problem is difficult to handle using OOP's concept of inheritance.

oora

741 objects, and kits [frameworks]. OORA analysts and OOD designers will

oorass

1414 Reenskaug (OOram, was OORASS) [Reenskaug 91]

oosd

1444 Yourdon-Constantine SD, Martin information engineering design, Wasserman OOSD,

oose

1398 Here is a list of OOSE Methodologies:

oot

1868 Company: Enquiries: info@oot.co.uk

openodb

1802 databases (currently OpenODB from HP and Gemstone from Servio) as their

operate

2665 specifically designed to operate in both host and target

operational

716 operational characteristics (e.g. reliability, availability, performance)".

opponents

2321 Opponents of GC reply that it introduces an overhead which is

optical

2257 Optical or magnetic media containing all files required to load and

optimize

2680 *Automatic memory leak detection on executables to optimize memory use

option

1 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP, at least as an option. In computer science, an object is any entity that can be manipulated by the commands of a programming language, such as a value, variable, function, or data structure. (With the later introduction of object-oriented programming the same word, "object", refers to a particular instance of a class)

optional

240 and Ada have packages for encapsulation, CLOS's are optional while Ada's

orbix-ft

1970 just entered beta testing. Work is underway on Orbix-FT, integration with

orbix-tp

1969 In addition Orbix-TP, integration with Tuxedo for transaction processing, has

orderly

786 * It assumes a relatively uniform and orderly sequence of development steps

order-of-magnitude

488 also allow reuse between applications, potentially allowing order-of-magnitude

oregon

2532 Portland, Oregon, October 21, 1993. Abstract:

organizational

873 efforts places information systems within an organizational perspective by

organized

2445 Software. It is kind of like an FAQ, though it isn't organized

organizing

735 "The process of identifying, collecting, organizing, and representing the

originators

1425 the originators themselves).

osi

2036 OSI protocols, X.25

oslo

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

osmosys

1419 Winter Partners (OSMOSYS) [Winter Partners]

ot

1598 case histories, OT training information and the latest object-

outlive

1327 OODBs) that outlive the programs that create them. Object lifetimes can be

output

2683 *Programmatic interface to output files and cumulative code coverage

ouverture

1371 Ouverture Project (ESPRIT funded OMG IDL defines inter-module interfaces)

overcome

1127 (see section 1.19), both of which are overcome with dynamic typing.

overcoming

2142 overcoming system incompatibilities, and middleware such as

override

1067 function at run-time because a derived class may override the function, in

overrode

1057 overrode the virtual method from its base class, providing specialized behavior

owners

2247 respective owners.

owns

1663 API only), NetWare (planned, Novell owns part of HyperDesk).

oxford

234 about its inner workings. [Oxford, 1986]"

oz

2520 are dhoffman@csr.uvic.ca and pstropp@cs.uq.oz.au. Describes an

packaging

1098 linearly but exponentially with lines of code, so that packaging code into

paepcke

350 Meta-Classes accessible to users [Kiczales 92, Paepcke 93]. In CLOS

-page

1592 First Class is OMG's non-commercial bi-monthly 28-page

pages

1452 State University, Atlanta, USA, 1992, 163 pages.

paj

2281 From: Paul Johnson (paj@gec-mrc.co.uk)

palo

1741 PALO ALTO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE) via First! -- Hewlett-Packard Company

panix

130 Wildavsky, send requests to adamw@panix.com.

paradigms

1258 3.3) Are There Any Other Object-Oriented Paradigms?

parallel-recursive

795 "parallel-recursive design" with analyze-design-implement-test iterations.

parameterize

1210 Generics (or Templates in C++) refer to the ability to parameterize types

parametrically

1230 parametrically polymorphic implementation. Generics can also be viewed as a

parametrically-polymorphic

1232 Functions are typically generic in statically-typed parametrically-polymorphic

particularily

2634 particularily incremental testing.

pascal-based

386 Objective-C, etc.), lisp-based (CLOS, Flavors, Scheme, etc.), and Pascal-based

pass

1081 multiple-polymorphism, a cut operation in an Edit submenu may pass the cut

passage

1533 particular parts of the reference model architecture. After passage

pass-by-value

2374 often use "copy on write" to efficiently implement pass-by-value semantics.

path

474 shared must be renamed "along an inheritance path", else they are shared by

paths

2380 3. Message Passing Leads to Dynamic Execution Paths

patterns-request

131 **There is a patterns mailing list, email: patterns-request@cs.uiuc.edu,

peace

1372 Peace (OO family-based parallel OS, See Appendix E, General)

pedestal

80 Steve Yegge, making a roundabout comparison with Functional programming, writes, "Object Oriented Programming puts the Nouns first and foremost. Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another? It's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think. It's a strangely skewed perspective."

peer-to-peer

1881 As a fully peer-to-peer product DOME can be used to build systems

penelope

1434 de Champeaux, Dennis and Faure, Penelope. A comparative study of object-

penpoint

1375 PenPoint OS (Go, written in C++)

perceived

13 Object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming methodology in the early and mid 1990s when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual FoxPro 3.0, C++[citation needed], and Delphi[citation needed]. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of graphical user interfaces, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X, written in Objective-C, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programming (although this concept is not limited to OOP). Some[who?] feel that association with GUIs (real or perceived) was what propelled OOP into the programming mainstream.

percent

1812 -- up to 400 percent increased performance, through quicker

periodicals

1625 ftp! These are from the list of literature and periodicals listed in

permissions

272 above, classes can also specify access permissions for clients and derived

permit

235 Some languages permit arbitrary access to objects and allow methods to be

permits

2535 dependencies. This in-turn permits incremental,

perry

2566 Perry, D.E. and G.E. Kaiser, "Adequate Testing and Object-Oriented

persists

8 Object-oriented programming has roots that can be traced to the 1960s. As hardware and software became increasingly complex, manageability often became a concern. Researchers studied ways to maintain software quality and developed object-oriented programming in part to address common problems by strongly emphasizing discrete, reusable units of programming logic[citation needed]. The technology focuses on data rather than processes, with programs composed of self-sufficient modules ("classes"), each instance of which ("objects") contains all the information needed to manipulate its own data structure ("members"). This is in contrast to the existing modular programming that had been dominant for many years that focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data, but equally provided for code reuse, and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines). This more conventional approach, which still persists, tends to consider data and behavior separately.

pervades

79 Richard Mansfield, author and former editor of COMPUTE! magazine, states that "like countless other intellectual fads over the years ("relevance", communism, "modernism", and so on—history is littered with them), OOP will be with us until eventually reality asserts itself. But considering how OOP currently pervades both universities and workplaces, OOP may well prove to be a durable delusion. Entire generations of indoctrinated programmers continue to march out of the academy, committed to OOP and nothing but OOP for the rest of their lives."[38] He also is quoted as saying "OOP is to writing a program, what going through airport security is to flying".

pervasive

11 The Smalltalk language, which was developed at Xerox PARC (by Alan Kay and others) in the 1970s, introduced the term object-oriented programming to represent the pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation. Smalltalk creators were influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67, but Smalltalk was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically rather than statically as in Simula 67.[9] Smalltalk and with it OOP were introduced to a wider audience by the August 1981 issue of Byte Magazine.

pfrankl

2508 One author can be reached at pfrankl@polyof.poly.edu.

pg

97 definition appears on pg 54). Booch goes on to describe these definitions

phd

1503 and coincidentally, MIT '82, SM '85, PhD '89 (EECS)

pierce

20 Benjamin C. Pierce and some other researchers view as futile any attempt to distill OOP to a minimal set of features. He nonetheless identifies fundamental features that support the OOP programming style in most object-oriented languages:

pillar

2371 Implementation hiding is a pillar of object-oriented programming,

pitfalls

57 Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software is an influential book published in 1995 by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides, sometimes casually called the "Gang of Four". Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, it describes 23 common programming problems and patterns for solving them. As of April 2007, the book was in its 36th printing.

placement

1141 85] for a proper placement of ML's type system). ML doesn't use inheritance

placing

2396 delete, placing the memory management burden on the client, who must call

plan

1794 We plan to use HP ORB Plus to develop new object-based products that

platt

2101 3245 Platt Springs Road

player

6 An object-oriented program will usually contain different types of objects, each type corresponding to a particular kind of complex data to be managed or perhaps to a real-world object or concept such as a bank account, a hockey player, or a bulldozer. A program might well contain multiple copies of each type of object, one for each of the real-world objects the program is dealing with. For instance, there could be one bank account object for each real-world account at a particular bank. Each copy of the bank account object would be alike in the methods it offers for manipulating or reading its data, but the data inside each object would differ reflecting the different history of each account.

plexes

9 An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as a collection of interacting objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent "machine" with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "methods") on these objects. The terms "objects" and "oriented" in something like the modern sense of object- oriented programming seem to make their first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes); Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966.[3] Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960-61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, linked data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) directly with procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods" and "member functions".

pliant

50 Languages with abstract data type support, but not all features of object-orientation, sometimes called object-based languages. Examples: Modula-2 (with excellent encapsulation and information hiding), Pliant, CLU.

plug-and-play

1786 "plug-and-play" object-oriented environment. This will give developers,

pm-cmm

838 personnel management CMM (PM-CMM).

points

789 Modern OO methodologies directly address these points and emphasize the

polyof

2508 One author can be reached at pfrankl@polyof.poly.edu.

pomoco

1686 www.pomoco.com

pop

247 Pop methods will be public. Private members are only accessible from within

popkin

2242 ERwin,, Popkin,, and Knowledgeware,.

popularized

66 However, Niklaus Wirth (who popularized the adage now known as Wirth's law: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems 'in the real world', and it is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behaviours" (contrast KISS principle).

populated

1950 populated with all objects or services available at runtime keeping programmers

portable

2037 NCR Cooperative Frameworks currently has two portable ORB

portion

1539 Request Broker portion of the reference model. This technology, adopted

portland

2532 Portland, Oregon, October 21, 1993. Abstract:

ports

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

pose