2311 Length, include file nesting and macro stack depth. This causes

madsen

408 is-a-kind-of (inheritance) are merged into one [Ungar 87, Madsen 93, Sciore

magnetic

2257 Optical or magnetic media containing all files required to load and

mainframe

412 Mainframe Mini Personal

mainstream

13 Object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming methodology in the early and mid 1990s when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual FoxPro 3.0, C++[citation needed], and Delphi[citation needed]. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of graphical user interfaces, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X, written in Objective-C, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programming (although this concept is not limited to OOP). Some[who?] feel that association with GUIs (real or perceived) was what propelled OOP into the programming mainstream.

maintainable

1923 scalable, flexible and maintainable. ORBeline incorporates PostModern's

maintanance

174 injection rates during maintanance and debugging).

majority

18 A survey by Deborah J. Armstrong of nearly 40 years of computing literature identified a number of "quarks", or fundamental concepts, found in the strong majority of definitions of OOP.

majors

82 Carnegie-Mellon University Professor Robert Harper in March 2011 wrote: "This semester Dan Licata and I are co-teaching a new course on functional programming for first-year prospective CS majors... Object-oriented programming is eliminated entirely from the introductory curriculum, because it is both anti-modular and anti-parallel by its very nature, and hence unsuitable for a modern CS curriculum. A proposed new course on object- oriented design methodology will be offered at the sophomore level for those students who wish to study this topic."

malo

2331 Management, Sept. 1992, St. Malo, France, Yves Bekkers and Jacques Cohen,

mammal

425 For example, a person is a mammal and an intellectual_entity, and a document

manageability

8 Object-oriented programming has roots that can be traced to the 1960s. As hardware and software became increasingly complex, manageability often became a concern. Researchers studied ways to maintain software quality and developed object-oriented programming in part to address common problems by strongly emphasizing discrete, reusable units of programming logic[citation needed]. The technology focuses on data rather than processes, with programs composed of self-sufficient modules ("classes"), each instance of which ("objects") contains all the information needed to manipulate its own data structure ("members"). This is in contrast to the existing modular programming that had been dominant for many years that focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data, but equally provided for code reuse, and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines). This more conventional approach, which still persists, tends to consider data and behavior separately.

managers

2130 on-line data, information technology (IT) managers are turning to

manipulated

1 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP, at least as an option. In computer science, an object is any entity that can be manipulated by the commands of a programming language, such as a value, variable, function, or data structure. (With the later introduction of object-oriented programming the same word, "object", refers to a particular instance of a class)

man's

2363 man's garbage collector", are usually misguided. Reference counting has worse

mansfield

79 Richard Mansfield, author and former editor of COMPUTE! magazine, states that "like countless other intellectual fads over the years ("relevance", communism, "modernism", and so on—history is littered with them), OOP will be with us until eventually reality asserts itself. But considering how OOP currently pervades both universities and workplaces, OOP may well prove to be a durable delusion. Entire generations of indoctrinated programmers continue to march out of the academy, committed to OOP and nothing but OOP for the rest of their lives."[38] He also is quoted as saying "OOP is to writing a program, what going through airport security is to flying".

manufacturer

1836 Hewlett-Packard Company is an international manufacturer of measurement

manuscript

1477 Engineering of Systems, draft manuscript, 1994.

map

41 Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli, A Theory of Objects[18] for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions and pointers to other maps, all with some syntactic and scoping sugar on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping"). OBJECT:=>> Objects are the run time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle.

marble

1306 www.marble.com

marick

2550 Marick, Brian. The Craft of Software Testing, Prentice-Hall, in press.

mark-and-sweep

2411 mark-and-sweep that left much to be desired. However, garbage collection has

marked

281 "a group, set, or kind marked by common attributes or a common attribute; a

mary

2513 Harrold, Mary Jean, John D. McGregor, and Kevin J. Fitzpatrick,

maryland

2485 Lane, Suite 203, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878. $225.

mash-up

54 ECMAScript language. JavaScript is perhaps the best known prototype- based programming language, which employs cloning from prototypes rather than inheriting from a class. Another scripting language that takes this approach is Lua. Earlier versions of ActionScript (a partial superset of the ECMA-262 R3, otherwise known as ECMAScript) also used a prototype-based object model. Later versions of ActionScript incorporate a combination of classification and prototype-based object models based largely on the currently incomplete ECMA-262 R4 specification, which has its roots in an early JavaScript 2 Proposal. Microsoft's JScript.NET also includes a mash-up of object models based on the same proposal, and is also a superset of the ECMA-262 R3 specification.

master

9 An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as a collection of interacting objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent "machine" with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "methods") on these objects. The terms "objects" and "oriented" in something like the modern sense of object- oriented programming seem to make their first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes); Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966.[3] Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960-61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, linked data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) directly with procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods" and "member functions".

masters

853 Kitson, D.H. and Masters, S. "An Analysis of SEI Software Process Assessment

'match'

1575 list <directory> [match] (index a directory, pattern 'match' files)

matches

1177 restriction is somewhat less type-safe, because accidental matches of method

mathematically-limited

76 Alexander Stepanov suggested that OOP provides a mathematically-limited viewpoint and called it "almost as much of a hoax as Artificial Intelligence. I have yet to see an interesting piece of code that comes from these OO people. In a sense, I am unfair to AI: I learned a lot of stuff from the MIT AI Lab crowd, they have done some really fundamental work....".

mature

2413 mature technology.[1] Many object-oriented languages specify garbage

maturity

829 From a greater perspective, the SEI has developed the Capability Maturity Model

max

1576 size <segment size> (max file size to send)

maximize

2254 telephone, FAX, and e-mail to help customers maximize the use of the

mcgill

1383 From: whitney@oberon.Meakins.McGill.CA ()

mcgregor

2513 Harrold, Mary Jean, John D. McGregor, and Kevin J. Fitzpatrick,

mcnicholl

727 within this area. - Dan McNicholl

meakins

1383 From: whitney@oberon.Meakins.McGill.CA ()

meaningful

516 to reuse code and to model the real world in a meaningful way.

measurement

1836 Hewlett-Packard Company is an international manufacturer of measurement

measuring

860 "Concepts on Measuring the Benefits of Software Process Improvement,"

media

2257 Optical or magnetic media containing all files required to load and

mediator

61 Behavioral patterns : Chain-of-responsibility pattern, Command pattern, Interpreter pattern, Iterator pattern, Mediator pattern, Memento pattern, Observer pattern, State pattern, Strategy pattern, Template method pattern, Visitor pattern.

medicine

1839 business, engineering, science, medicine and education in approximately 110

megaobjects

117 Megaobjects - Composite objects (~ subsystems with inheritance)

mellinger

2494 Cheatham Thomas J., and Lee Mellinger, "Testing Object-Oriented

memento

61 Behavioral patterns : Chain-of-responsibility pattern, Command pattern, Interpreter pattern, Iterator pattern, Mediator pattern, Memento pattern, Observer pattern, State pattern, Strategy pattern, Template method pattern, Visitor pattern.

mental

41 Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli, A Theory of Objects[18] for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions and pointers to other maps, all with some syntactic and scoping sugar on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping"). OBJECT:=>> Objects are the run time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle.

mention

2493 I have to mention it anyway.

mentorg

2542 to "john_lakos@warren.mentorg.com".

merged

408 is-a-kind-of (inheritance) are merged into one [Ungar 87, Madsen 93, Sciore

merges

441 parent members that conflict. Self prioritizes parents. CLOS merges member

message-based

1368 Mach (CMU, supports BSD 4.3, really message-based)

messy

450 its interface, causing code duplication (and a messy interface).

metac

2697 C and C++ called MetaC. It also dones some syntax checking and memory

metaclass

325 distinguished class, the metaclass.

metaclasses

340 metaclasses).

metalanguage

1135 ML, Metalanguage, is a functional programming language with a strongly typed

meta-object-based

1364 Apertos (Meta-Object-based Mikro-Kernel. See Appendix E, Papers:28)

meyer's

1022 > Meyer's Definition [Meyer 88, sect. 10.1.5 Polymorphism]:

micro-kernel

1365 Chorus Micro-kernel (written in C++, COOL, See Appendix E, Papers:63)

microtech

2688 MicroTech Pacific Research (mpr.ca) has a C++ class testing tool called

mid-

1833 available mid- 1994; prices will be announced then. HP ORB Plus runs on the

migratable

567 ch 19 and Yaoqing 93] provide another example of a distributable and migratable

migrate

566 even migrate across machines. Distributed Smalltalk's proxy objects [Kim 89,

migrating

139 in Distributed Smalltalk which allows transparent, distributed, and migrating

mikro-kernel

1364 Apertos (Meta-Object-based Mikro-Kernel. See Appendix E, Papers:28)

mini

412 Mainframe Mini Personal

minimal

20 Benjamin C. Pierce and some other researchers view as futile any attempt to distill OOP to a minimal set of features. He nonetheless identifies fundamental features that support the OOP programming style in most object-oriented languages:

minimize

622 (messages) equivalent. Functional syntax was chosen "in order to minimize the

misguided

2363 man's garbage collector", are usually misguided. Reference counting has worse

mistaken

691 point often mistaken in comp.object. E.g. simple statically

mitchell

26 Similarly, in his 2003 book, Concepts in programming languages, John C. Mitchell identifies four main features: dynamic dispatch, abstraction, subtype polymorphism, and inheritance.Michael Lee Scott in Programming Language Pragmatics considers only encapsulation, inheritance and dynamic dispatch.[16]

mixed

2423 manually managed programs. Finally, garbage collection can be mixed with

mixin's

427 Mixin's is a style of MI (from flavors) where a class is created to provide

ml's

1141 85] for a proper placement of ML's type system). ML doesn't use inheritance

mo

118 Frameworks*(Typical) - Abstract MO meant for reuse and extension

modernism

79 Richard Mansfield, author and former editor of COMPUTE! magazine, states that "like countless other intellectual fads over the years ("relevance", communism, "modernism", and so on—history is littered with them), OOP will be with us until eventually reality asserts itself. But considering how OOP currently pervades both universities and workplaces, OOP may well prove to be a durable delusion. Entire generations of indoctrinated programmers continue to march out of the academy, committed to OOP and nothing but OOP for the rest of their lives."[38] He also is quoted as saying "OOP is to writing a program, what going through airport security is to flying".

moma

2172 - MOMA

monarchi

1461 Monarchi, David and Puhr, Gretchen I. A Research Typology for Object-Oriented

monitor

1666 2. See Distributed Computing Monitor, March 93 for

monitoring

1906 - network monitoring & analysis,

months

1808 VisualWorks 2.0 is released (expected within two months.)

mop

349 MOP is an acronym for Meta-Object Protocol. This is a system with

morgan

2274 published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California

morph

923 "Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". The homograph polymorphism has

morrell

1870 1st Floor, Lawrence House, 1A Morrell St, Leamington Spa, England CV32 5SZ

movement

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

mps

2352 mps@geodesic.com

multiform

910 stages, or the like. Also, polymorphic. [<Gk polymorphous multiform]

multi-lingual

1852 multi-lingual object-oriented applications. RDOM provides an "object group"

multi-media

2418 their manually managed brethren. [3] In fact, multi-media programmers

multithreaded

70 OOP was developed to increase the reusability and maintainability of source code. Transparent representation of the control flow had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler. With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and multithreaded coding, developer transparent control flow becomes more important, something hard to achieve with OOP.

multi-threaded

1885 ORBs and servers. It is a multi-threaded high performance ORB

multithreading

1714 in C++. It supports object-groups, virtual synchrony, multithreading

murray

1222 See [Booch 87b] for several examples in Ada and [Stroustrup xx] and [Murray

mvs

1642 IBM AIX, IBM MVS(port in progress), HP-UX, Macintosh, MS-Windows 3.1, NT,

myth

342 In the authors opinion, a myth. The story goes an object is an instance of a

nachos

1369 NachOS (written in C++, OS teaching

namespace

2198 - Hierarchical namespace with true domains for complete

narick

2555 Narick, Brian. "Testing Software that Reuses", Technical Note 2, Testing

nashua

1652 Nashua, New Hampshire 03062-2698

ncr's

2019 product, and are based on NCR's submission to OMG.

necessity

2279 company on the necessity of garbage collection for object-oriented programming

neglects

1031 polymorphism definition above, but here neglects the "becomes" facility

neighbors

734 stresses the reusability of analysis and design, not code. - Jim Neighbors

nerson

1400 BON [Nerson 92]

netbeui

2035 IP, NetBIOS, Lan Manager NetBEUI and

netherlands

1451 the Netherlands, and Computer Information Systems Department, Georgia

nets

480 common in the AI domain, where semantic nets use inheritance to understand

networking

1764 operating systems, networking protocols or where application objects are

newer

1042 but a newer template function is incomparably preferable, as implied in

newly

207 prototype for newly created instances. [The Author also uses the term for

newsgroup

1313 See also Appendices B and E and the comp.database.object newsgroup.

next-generation

2046 - building next-generation, object-oriented,

next's

1256 Next's NextStep OS provides delegation using Objective-C, providing an example

nextstep

1256 Next's NextStep OS provides delegation using Objective-C, providing an example

nj

2480 Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. $35.

nl

1489 Sjaak Brinkkemper (sjbr@cs.utwente.nl), which we will forward to the

node

2209 environments on a single node

nominal

2260 nominal additional cost.

non-commercial

1592 First Class is OMG's non-commercial bi-monthly 28-page

non-disclosure

2689 ACE (Automated Class Exerciser) which is available under non-disclosure

non-interactive

2645 specific classes that test non-interactive objects such as trees,

non-intrusive

1888 DOME is non-intrusive, meaning that the application development

non-members

1537 non-members alike.

norfolk

2457 1900 S. Norfolk St., #224

norwegian

10 Objects as a formal concept in programming were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. Simula 67 was influenced by SIMSCRIPT and Hoare's proposed "record classes". Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic garbage collection that had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP (CLOS), Object Pascal, and C++.

nostrand