5. Practise connected reading:

physical and mental abilities, man-made huts and tents, building materials, the most ancient civilization, had been built, was born, continuous evolution, the life of the people, groups and styles, the art and science of building, is called an architect, convenient to live in, the three basic factors, harmonious whole, needs of the population, modern achieve­ments in science and technology, facing and finishing ma­terials, a gay and attractive look.

TEXT A. ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTS

In the course of the development of his physical and men­tal abilities, man has learned to build. This ability originated in man's need to find shelter from severe weather, wild beasts and other enemies. First natural rocks, caves and then man- made huts and tents served this purpose. Later on people learned to make primitive dwellings which depended upon the climate and building materials at hand: trees, earth, the bones and skins of animals, stones.

It was much later, with the appearance of the most ancient civilization, that people discovered clay and mastered the art of brickmaking. Having dried the bricks in the sun, the ancient Egyptians built simple houses of four walls and a flat ro6f above them.

The first house of the ancient people had been built with only one purpose — to give them shelter. Later on, the art of applying beauty, utility, and emotional expression was born. The earliest examples of architectural skill are found in Chaldea and Egypt. The Egyptians made use of brick vaults as early as 1540 before our era though the form with post and lintel was genera] until the time of Romans. The Greeks learned much from Egypt. The Romans learned much from the Greeks.

In our country architecture began to develop in Kiev Rus.

So as we see, the history of architecture is a record of con­tinuous evolution. The characteristic features of the architec­ture of each country are influenced by geographical, geologi­cal, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. Architec­ture is aonnected with the history of social progress, culture, important events of the life of the people. Each generation writes its biography in the buildings it creates. That's why we distinguish different architectural groups and styles: Egyp­tian and Assyrian, European and Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Ancient American and Saracenic architecture.

Thus, we can say that architecture is the art and sconce of building, the art and practice of designing and building structures, especially dwellings.

A man who designs buildings and superintends their con­struction .is called an architect. He makes buildings and cities beautiful to look at as well as useful and convenient to live in. Therefore the three basic factors in architecture are con­venience, strength and beauty. These three factors are always present and interrelated in the best structures.

An architect today has to be an engineer, too. Therefore architects must have sufficient knowledge of engineering and of building materials to be able to create economically strong as well as practical structures. They must possess the creative imagination which will enable them to integrate the plan and the construction into harmonious whole. Having taken into account not only such important functions of the modern city as work, transportation, dwelling and recreation, but also biological, social and personal needs of the population, modern architects and builders design and construct new re­sidential areas with a gay and attractive look and convenient to live in.

Modern architecture is characterized by simplicity of line and design and neatness of appearance. Great possibili­ties are open to modern architects and builders by using mod­ern achievements in science and technology. They are now giving to the hands of architects resources of variety of facing and finishing materials, such as glass plate, ceramics, plas­tics.

Architects should pay a great attention to the lay-out of blocks. They must develop appealing combinations of styles with buildings of different exterior finish, length, height and type of facilities on ground floors. Modern blocks of flats, as well as office buildings, must be planned so as to be convenient to live and work in comfortably,

VOCABULARY NOTES

1. In the course (of) — у процесі

2. to master the art of brickmaking — оволодіти мистецством виготов­лення цегли

3. to give smb. shelter — дати кому-н. притулок

4. to make use of — використовувати

5. brick vault — цегляне склепіння

6. Saracenic architecture — сарацинська архітектура

7. to integrate (smth.) into harmonious whole — об'єднати (що-н.) в єдине гармонійне ціле

8. to take into account — враховувати (брати до уваги)

ж і

9. facing and finishing materials — облицьовувальні та оздоблювальні матеріали

10. lay-out (of blocks) — планування, розміщення (житлових масивів, кварталів)

11. block of flats — багатоквартирний будинок

12. exterior finish — зовнішнє облицювання

EXERCISES

1. Form nouns by adding the suffix -ance (-ence) and translate them into Ukrainian:

Models: a) V -f- -ance (-ence): to differ — difference to assist, to resist, to acquaint, to guide, to refer, to interfere, to maintain;

b) A -f -ance (-ence): excellent — excellence present, significant, different, important, distant, promi­nent, existent.

2. a) In the text find nouns formed by means of the suffix -ance (-ence).

b) Define the model after which these nouns are formed.

3. Translate the following adjectives into Ukrainian:

man-made (huts), brick-paved (street), two-roomed (flat), ink-stained (paper), light-flooded (square), plant-built (houses), ceramics-finished (walls).

4. Write out of a dictionary and memorize the adjectives corresponding to the following nouns denoting geographical names:

America, Asia, Assyria, China, Egypt, Europe, Greece, India, Japan, Russia.

5. Read the following international words and give their Uk­rainian equivalents:

primitive, climate, material, utility, emotional, expres­sive, record, evolution, total, structure, integrate, harmonious, personal, exterior, comfortable.

6. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

   1. similar meaning: severe, assist, man-made, elegance, ancient, development, primitive, constant, hard, artificial, neatness, help, simple, old, progress;

   2. opposite meaning: simplicity, modern, severe, weak, natural, complexity, ancient, artificial, strong, mild, primi­tive, similar, developed, different, exterior, inside, outside, interior.

7. Form words of opposite meaning by adding suffixes or prefixes to the following words:

useful, convenient, practical, harmonious/" important, attractive, comfortable.

8. Translate into Ukrainian and memorize 4he following terms:

brickmaklng, constructional property, architectural skill, flat roof, brick vault, post lintel, interior appearance, exte­rior appearance, dwelling, facing material, finishing material, lay-out, exterior finish, ceramics, architectural shape, re­sidential area, blocks of flats.

9. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word- combinations:

халупка (хижка), створена руками людини; будівельні матеріали, антична (стародавня) цивілізація, мистецтво виготовлення цегли, творча уява, простота ліній і конст­рукцій, багатоквартирний будинок, нижній (цокольний) поверх, житлові квартали.

10. Translate the following sentences into English using words and expressions from the text:

1. Європейська архітектура першої половини XIX сто­ліття не мала єдності стилю, гармонійного поєднання кон­струкційних форм і скульптури. 2. Київський залізнич­ний вокзал у Москві, збудований у стилі неокласицизму,— одне з кращих творінь архітектора Івана Рерберга. 3. Місто­будування охоплює все матеріальне середовище, створене людиною для роботи, життя і відпочинку. 4. Містобудуван­ня та архітектура Київської Русі мають глибокі національ­ні корені, які розвивалися па основі багатовікового прак­тичного досвіду. 5. Архітектура враховує три основні фактори: зручність, міцність і красоту будівель.

11. Write out of the text sentences with Perfect Participle and translate them into Uknainian.

12. Translate the following senterces paying attention to the Participle:

1. Having selected building material, the architect began considering it from the point of view of its structural pecu­liarities. 2. Having discussed all the advantages of the de­sign, the architects and engineers spoke in its favour. 3. All questions having been settled, we began testing a specimen of wall panel. 4. Concrete prestressed by this method can span very long distances. 5. My teacher gave me some ar­ticles on prestressed concrete.

13. Change the following sentences using "it -f be ... that" construction.

Model: People discovered clay much later. It was much later that people discovered clay.

1. The ancient people built the first house only for shel­ter. 2. We learned much in the field of building and archi­tecture from the Greeks. 3. Such facing and finishing mate­rials, as glass plate, ceramics, plastics give modern architects great possibilities of exterior finish. 4. The method of pré­fabrication and factory manufacture helps in the construc­tion of the blocks of flats.

14. Answer the following questions:

1. What were the first houses built for? 2. What materials were used for building first houses? 3. When did people mas­ter brickmaking? 4. Who was the first to use brick vaults in building? 5. What is architecture influenced by? 6. What are the basic factors in architectural design? 7. What must an architect take into account in his design? 8. What is mod­ern architecture characterized by? 9. What helps a modern architect in his work? 10. What is the task of our architects at present?

15. Render the text.

16. Learn and reproduce microdialogues:

I

Andrew: So you have made up your mind to become an architect?

Peter: It has always been my dream. I was very much afraid of the entrance exams, especially in drawing. Now they are in the past. I'm pleased as one could be. A.: What are you going to specialize in? P.: Town planning, I think. It is essential now to pro­vide all the necessary public services and amenities, make their creations attractive and original in style when building modern cities and villages. A.i I hope success will attend you. P.: Thank you.

II

A.: Come here for a moment, will you? P.; What is it, Andrew?

A.: Have a look at these sketches and give me your opinion of them.

P.: I see that the living room and the kitchen are spa­cious, have wide windows and plenty of built-in furni­ture. >¥' A.: Yes, does it appeal to you?

P.: It certainly does. They look charming, The built-

in furniture is very convenient and saves much space. A.: I'm glad you like it. Thank you.