11. Using the text of the lesson and other information sources make dialogues and reproduce thern at the lesson.

LESSON SEVENTEEN

Grammar: 1, The Subjective Infinitive Construc­tion (Practice of Translation).

2. Present Perfect Tense (Review).

3. Prepositions.

4. Word-building and Word-combina­tions.

READING EXERCISES

1. Two-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable:

solid, liquid, vacuum, process, gauging, measure, count­less, various, radar, circuit, limit, rapid, basis, programme, robot, rocket, wonder, present.

2. Two-syllable words with the stress on the second syllable:

describe, apply, emit, design, include, become, enlarge, compute, advance, increase, begin, provide, control.

3. Many-syllable words:

electron, transistor, appearance, suggestion, advantage, dynamic;

phenomena, element, technology, broadcasting, tele­casting, regulate, molecular, penetrate, activity, intelligence, microscope, incompatible.

4. Word-combinations:

electron tube, speed regulation, radar devices, integra­tion circuit, square inch, jet plane.

5. Words with double stress:

electronics, electronic, semiconductor, engineering, tape- recorder, microelectronics, automation, automatic, auto­mated, artificial, reliability.

6. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words:

electronics (i:lok'troniksl — електроніка, betatron ['beta­tron] — бетатрон, to process 1'prousesl — обробляти, gau­ging l'geid3ig] — вимірювання, circuit l'so:kit] — коло, контур, схема, control Ikon'troull — управління, контроль, steering ['stiari{)J — управління.

7. Practise connected reading:

electronic phenomena, the flow of electrons, through a vacuum, electronic processes, control gauging, has become, gave us radar devices, the range of their application, the evo­lution of microelectronics, one square inch, integration cir­cuit, large-scale industrial operations.

TEXT A. ELECTRONICS

Electronics is the science of electronic phenomena, de­vices and systems. It describes and applies the flow of elec­trons emitted from solids or liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconductors. Electronics as a science studies the properties of electrons, the laws of their motion, the laws of the transformation of various kinds of energy through the media of electrons. The basic elements in electronics are the electron tube and the transistor.

Although electronics is properly regarded as only a sec­tion of electrical technology, electronic techniques are applied in many fields, including industry, communication, defence and entertaining. Due to its versatility it becomes increasing­ly difficult to draw clear dividing lines between electronics and other branches of electronical technology.

While physical electronics is the science of electronic processes, industrial electronics deals with the technology of design, construction and application of electronic devices. The industrial applications of electronics include control gauging, counting and measuring, speed regulations, and many others.

The invention of electronic device is known to have become a new important phase in the development of electrical en­gineering. It considerably enlarges the application of electri­cal energy for various industrial purposes. The invention of the vacuum tube made radiobroadcasting possible and later on — telecasting. The researches in the field of electronics gave us radar devices, computers, tape recorders, betatron and a lot of medical tools. Semiconductor devices which have replaced electron tubes reduce the size of instruments.

A great advance in electronics is considered to be connect­ed with the appearance of the transistor. The use of the tran­sistor is likely to be the first step in miniaturization of elec­tronic devices and has increased the range of their applica­tion. The introduction of the transistor in 1948 supposed to be the beginning of the evolution of microelectronics which led in the late 1970s to the development of large-scale in­tegrated (LSI) circuits. Now hundreds of circuits can be packed on to one square inch and there seems to be no limit to it. The technology of so-called molecular epitaxy is the best proof of this suggestion.

Electronics is evident to have made a great contribution to automation. It has extended the range of automatic con­trol in large-scale industrial operations and made the process­ing of information rapid. Electronic computers have provi­ded the basis for the construction of automatic lines, automa­ted units, shops and whole plants, tools with programmed control, robots and manipulators.

The steering of big ships, jet planes, interplanetary rockets is controlled by electronic devices. Radio-electronic systems ensure reliable communication with space stations at distances amounting to scores of millions of kilometres. Hundreds of electronic devices perform various tasks on board every sat­ellite and spaceship. Electronics has penetrated into all the spheres of human activity from household appliances to arti­ficial intelligence and search of outerspace civilizations.

Such advantages of electronic devices as microscopic size, high speed, low cost and reliability are likely to have no competitor. No wonder electronic technology is the most dynamic technology of the present industrial age. Electron­ics is sure to make still greater progress in the nearest future and help humanity gain new victories in science and engin­eering.

VOCABULARY NOTES

]. to deal with (smb., smth.) — мати справу (з ким-н, з чим-н..)

2. electrical engineering — електротехніка

3. electronic techniques — електронна техніка, електронні прилади

4. electronical technology — електронна техніка (технологія)

5. to draw (clear) dividing lines (between) — провести (чіткі) межі (між)

6. range of application — межі (діапазон) застосування

7. large-scale — великомасштабний

8. integration circuit — інтегральна схема

9. large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) — велика інтегральна схема, BIC

10. automated unit — автоматизований вузол

11. programmed control — програмове управління

12. control gauging — контрольне вимірювання '

13. vacuum tube — (вакуумна) електронна лампа

14. household appliances—господарсько-побутові прилади

15. electron tube — електронна лампа

16. artificial intelligence — штучний інтелект

17. molecular epitaxy — молекулярна епітаксія

EXERCISES

1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following nouns with the suffix -(t)ion and give the verbs from which they are formed:

transformation, construction, regulation, invention, mi­niaturization, application, introduction, integration, sug­gestion, contribution, automation, operation, information, communication, connection, compression, civilization.

2. a) Form nouns by adding the suffix -er(-or) to the following verbs:

to conduct, to transform, to design, to regulate, to invent, to compute, to record, to cut, to operate, to process, to pro­gramme, to manipulate, to research, to compress, to resist, to transmit, to receive, to build, to translate.

b) Arrange the nouns given above according to the meaning:

1. person — doer of an action or name of profession;

2. instrument or thing — doer of an action.

1. Read, translate and memorize the following terms:

electronics, electron, emitter, vacuum, semiconductor, transistor, gauging, counting, measuring, resistor, telecasting, radar, computer, betatron, communication, circuit, manipu­lator, dielectric, capacitor, contractor, processor.

4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combi­nations:

electronic phenomena, flow of electrons, electron tube, glass vacuum tube, physical electronics, industrial elec­tronics, electronic device, electrical engineering, electronic circuit, integration circuit, household appliances, artificial intelligence, outer-space civilization, electronic technology, electronic technique, radio receiver, tape recorder, speed regulation.

5. Find In the text English equivalents of the following word- combinations:

властивості електронів, різні види енергії, галузі елек­тронної техніки, електронні процеси, технологія проекту­вання, конструювання і застосування електронних прила­дів, винайдення електронних приладів, застосування елект­ричної енергії в різних промислових .потребах, обробка інформації, переваги електронних приладів. >^г

6. Substitute the following word-combinations,for one word of identical meaning: >i

Model: to make smaller to reduce to make larger, to make possible, to use instead of, to make steps forward, to work out, to carry out, to make con­tribution, to make progress, to gain victory, to draw divi­ding lines, to make sure.

1. Arrange the following words according to:

1. similar meaning: transformation, quick, basic, prog­ress, various, perform, versatility, many, ensure, changing, a lot of, main, many-sidedness, advance, different, carry out, guarantee, rapid;

2. opposite meaning: difficult, similar, past, easy, va­rious, static, specific, dynamic, simple, common, present, complex.

   8. Form antonyms by adding prefixes to the following words:

clear, important, complete, possible, reliable, resistible, sure, compatible, appearance, likely.

8. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the words and word-combinations in bold type:

1. The invention of the vacuum tube made possible radio­broadcasting and telecasting. 2. Semiconductor devices which replaced electron tubes reduce the size of instruments. 3. Now hunderds of circuits can be packed on to one square inch.

4. Electronic computers have provided the basis for the con­struction of automatic lines, automated units, shops and whole plants. 5. The steering of big ships, jet planes, interplanetary rockets is controlled by electronic devices. 6. The electronic technology is the most dynamic technology of the present industrial age.

8. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:

1. Радіоелектроніка динамічна у своєму розвиткові .та багатогранна в застосуванні. 2. Електроніка взаємозв'яза­на та взаємодіє з багатьма найновішими відкриттями та технічними досягненнями. 3. Лазерний пучок може пере­давати значно більшу інформацію за одиницю часу, ніж кабель. 4. Електронні обчислювальні машини різко підви­щили ефективність інтелектуальних можливостей людини.

5. Широке застосування електроніки в плануванні та управлінні виробництвом дасть можливість різко підвищити ефективність використання матеріальних і трудових ресур­сів. 6. Створення електронних обчислювальних машин зна­менує собою вступ людства в нову еру — еру автоматизації розумової праці. 7. Застосування ЕОМ для навчання під­вищить його якість і прискорить процес навчання. 8. В на­шій країні здійснюється комплексна програма автомати­зації виробництва.