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Sentence structure

The construction and complexity of sentences, the distribution of main and subordinate clauses in the text, the length of the sentences, the use of functional sentence perspective and the cohesive linking devices are some of the features considered to be relevant to translation-oriented text analysis.

The simple sentence (a sentence with only one independent clause (also known as a main clause)) is one of the four basic sentence structures.

E.g.: "Children are all foreigners."

"Of course, no man is entirely in his right mind at any time."

"Early to rise and early to bed makes a male healthy and wealthy and dead."

"I'd rather be a lightning rod than a seismograph."

The other structures are the composite sentences. There are two principal types of composite sentences: complex and compound. The connections between the clauses in a composite sentence may be effected syndetically, i.e. by means of special connecting words, conjunctions and other conjunctional words or word-combinations, or asyndetically, i.e. without any conjunctional words used.

The compound sentence a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.

Compound sentences can be formed in three ways:

  • using coordinating conjunctions;

  • using the semicolon, either with or without conjunctive adverbs;

  • on occasion, using the colon.

E.g.: "A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on."

"Any jackass can kick down a barn, but it takes a good carpenter to build one."

"Tell the truth, work hard, and come to dinner on time."

"Government does not solve problems; it subsidizes them."

"I have opinions of my own, strong opinions, but I don't always agree with them."

"Money is not the only answer, but it makes a difference."

"Always go to other people's funerals; otherwise, they won't go to yours."

The complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

e.g.: "He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow."

"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured, or far away."

"Although volume upon volume is written to prove slavery a very good thing, we never hear of the man who wishes to take the good of it by being a slave himself."

"Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others."

The compound-complex sentence is a sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

e.g. "Those are my principles, and if you don't like them . . . well, I have others."

"In America everybody is of the opinion that he has no social superiors, since all men are equal, but he does not admit that he has no social inferiors, for, from the time of Jefferson onward, the doctrine that all men are equal applies only upwards, not downwards."

"We operate under a jury system in this country, and as much as we complain about it, we have to admit that we know of no better system, except possibly flipping a coin."

"Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind."