4KTJ5[1]

4.It often rains in autumn.

5.It is getting cold.

22. Put the following words rainy, sunny, snowy или windy.

1.When it rains people say that the weather is ...; when it snows they say it is ...; when the wind blows, it

is....; when the sun shines, the weather is ... .

2.Winter is …… in our republic, but not in England.

3.There are many …… days in autumn.

4.We had a ………summer last year.

5.When it is …… we take umbrellas.

23. Translate into English

Вчера утром была хорошая погода. Небо было голубое и безоблачное. Солнце ярко светило на голубом небе. Но к полудню погода начала портиться. Подул холодный ветер с севере запада. Стало холоднее. Когда я шел в школы, небо было затянуто облаками. Похоже было, что пойдет дождь. И действительно когда я подошел к дому, первые крупные капли дождя упали на землю. Всю вторую половину дня дождь лил как из ведра. Когда папа пришел домой в пять часов, он был мокрый до нитки.

Зимой обычно холодно. Земля и деревья покрыты снегом. Небо серое и облачное. Часто идет снег. Но иногда погода зимой хороша Небо голубое и безоблачное. Ветра нет. Солнце ярко светит на голубом небе.

Мой друг родом из Греции. Климат в Греции: очень хороший. Летом там жарко. Небо обычно голубое и безоблачное. Иногда идет дождь, но обычно погода ясная.

Зимой дни короткие, а ночи длинные. Сегодня солнце взошло в девять часов утра. В четыре часа дня оно сядет. Зимой холодно, особенно когда дует холодный ветер с севера или с востока. Когда ветер дует с запада или с юга, обычно бывает теплее и идет снег. Сейчас тоже идет снег, но ветра нет. Земля покрыта, покрывалом из чистого белого снега.

Я очень люблю весну, когда природа пробуждается после долгого зимнего сна. Почки на деревьях открываются и выпускают новые листочки.

В Петербурге зима обычно наступает в декабре. Это самое темное время. Ночи длинные, а дни короткие. Небо обычно затянуто облаками, иногда идет снег, иногда — дождь.

Наконец-то наступила весна! Луга снова зеленеют, деревья покрыты свежими зелеными листьями, цветы начинают цвести. Перелетные птицы возвращаются с юга. Они строят гнезда на деревьях и весело поют. Дни становятся все длиннее, солнце светит ярче и ярче. Весна — самое лучшее время года.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the so of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony w environment and it seemed to them that natural

181

riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast for are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crises.

As a result of the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986 the m horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and its people. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus were polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to t republic's agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station a tragic for the Belarusian nation.

Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set и environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences ha\ been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass,; Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. The international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried forward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

182

I. Answer the following questions.

Is nature the source of people's life?

For thousands of years people lived in harmony with nature, didn't" they?

Has man’s interference in nature increased with the development of civilization? What has it led to?

Why did some species of animals, birds, plants disappear from the Earth? What is the result of man’s careless interaction with Mature?

What do you know about the Chernobyl ecological disaster? What are the consequences of this tragedy?

Environmental protection is a universal concern of everyone, isn't it? Has anything been done to solve ecological problems?

Is international cooperation necessary to create a system of ecological security? Why do you think so?

II. Complete the sentences using emphasized words and word combinations

The protection of nature is a subject that concerns everybody. Environmental problems are very acute in densely populated regions.

Air pollution in this city is the worst.

Many cities suffer from smog.

Urgent measures to protect environment should be taken.

III. Ask your friend:

знает ли он что-либо об экологических проблемах шей республики; что является источником загрязнения окружающей среды;

какие последствия небрежного вмешательства человека в природу можно наблюдать сейчас; что он знает об экологической обстановке в зоне Чернобыльской аварии;

какова экологическая обстановка в районе Аральск моря (Белого моря, озера Байкал, Кузбасса, Донбасса).

почему охрана окружающей среды является всеобщим делом; какие меры принимаются для предотвращения экологической катастрофы.

IV.Translate sentences from Russian to English

1.Взаимодействие человека и природы неотделимо от самой истории человечества.

2.Экологические изменения одна из важнейших проблем, с которой столкнулось человечество.

3.Загрязнение воды и воздуха является результат небрежного отношения человека к природе.

4.Планета Земля — наш общий дом, поэтому охрана окружающей среды

должна стать нашей общей заботой.

183

5. Международное сообщество предпринимает конкретные меры для охраны природы.

IV.Translate the text and answer to questions

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Government measures to control environmental pollution are long established, and are long complimentary to the planning system I to conserve the country's heritage. The Control of Pollution Act 1974, which applies to England, Scotland and Wales, sets out a wide range of powers and duties for local authorities, including control over wastes, air and water pollution and noise. It contains important provisions on the release of information on environmental conditions to the public. The Act also increases the penalties for a large number of pollution offences. The provisions relating to noise and air pollution are fully in force, as are a substantial number of those relating to waste on land. Similar legislation applies in Northern Ireland.

1. What are the government measures to control environmental pollution in Great Britain?

2.Are there any similar measures taken in our country?

Chernobyl Catastrophe

On the 26th of April 1986 a catastrophe broke out 12 kilometers off the Belarusian border. It was the major break-down of the power unit at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. It is the most severe catastrophe throughout the entire world history of the atomic energy use by its scale, complexity and long-term consequences. As the result of the explosion of the failed reactor a huge amount of radioactive substances was released into the atmosphere. Later on they left the large fall-out «spots» on the ground surface. 23% of the territory of Belarus, 4, 8% of the territory of the Ukraine and 0,5% of the territory of Russia were contaminated.

The radiation situation was determined by radionuclides with the period of halfdecay from 8 days till 24390 years.

After the Chernobyl accident Belarus has become the zone of the ecological disaster. The situation got worse because radioactive contamination coincided with the formerly existing zones of high chemical pollution. 260,000 hectares of agricultural lands are forbidden to use for farming purposes. Thousands of hectares of forests are contaminated with radioactive elements. The Chernobyl catastrophe has affected the destinies of millions of people. The radioactive contamination of the ecosystems has created the conditions for making it impossible to conduct the agricultural production and manage forestry in the normal way for many decades.

In order to decrease the influence of radiation on the people considerable work was done during the post-accident period. Measures were taken to evacuate the people from the most dangerous districts, to provide for their medical check-up and treatment. Various measures were carried out — radioactive decontamination, agricultural treatment of soil, provision of clean food. However, these measures are

184

not enough yet. And international co-operation in this field serves the interests of the entire mankind.

I. Find English equivalents of the following sentences in the text

26 апреля 1986 года в 12 километрах от белорусскойграницы наУкраине произошлакатастрофа.

В результате взрыва аварийного реактора в атмосферубыловыброшено огромноеколичество радиоактивных веществ.

После чернобыльской аварии Беларусь стала зоной экологического бедствия. Для того, чтобы уменьшить влияние радиации на людей после аварии в республике была проведена значительная работа.

международное сотрудничество в этой области служит интересам всего человечества.

high

4.The Chernobyl... has affected the ... of millions of Belarusian people.

5.Measures were taken to ... the people from the most... districts, to ... for their medical... and…….

III. Finish sentences using following variants

1.It is the most severe catastrophe throughout the history of Belarus.

the entire world history of atomic energy use. the entire world history of industrial development.

2.260,000 hectares of agricultural lands

are forbidden to use for farming purposes. are forbidden to use for hunting.

can be used for farming purposes. 3. The measures taken are

quite enough. not enough yet. unsuccessful.

IV.Answer the questions

When and where did the Chernobyl catastrophe break out? Why is it considered to be the most severe catastrophe?

What are the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe in Belarus?

What was done in Belarus during the post-accident period to decrease the influence of radiation?

Are the measures taken quite enough?

185

V. Divide the text into logical parts and give the title for each of them.

VI.Dispose following parts according to logic narration

Measures were taken to decrease the influence of radiation.

The catastrophe and its consequences.

Belarus is the zone of ecological disaster.

VII. Using facts from the text say ……

about long-term consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe.

about the ecological situation in Belarus during the post-accident period. about the measures which were taken to decrease the influence of radiation.

VIII. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb. Use formal sequence of tenses.

1. The teacher said, "The test will be on Friday." The teacher said that the test on Friday.

2.The mail carrier said, "There was no mail delivery on Monday because of the holiday."

The mail carrier said that there no mail delivery on Monday because of the holiday.

3.The weather reporter said, "Yesterday's weather set record cold temperatures across the

country."

The weather reporter said that yesterday's weather record cold temperatures across the country.

4.Junko said, "I don't understand the problem."

IX. Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Use formal verb forms.

My father said, "We enjoyed our trip to Singapore."

Our friends said, "We want to give you a going-away party." Abdul said, "I will be twenty-five on my next birthday."

My husband said, "I can pick up the kids after school. You don't need to be home." The boy said, "The dog took my ball. He isn't coming back."

Dr. Wilson said, "I'm going to retire in a few years. My husband and I are planning to travel.

186

My grandmother said to me, "I have had a wonderful life.

X. Turn from Direct speech into Reported speech.

1." I’ve finished all my work," she said. ...,,.,.. She said {that) she had finished all her work......

2."Why are you looking at me like that?" she asked him.

............................................................

3."Don’t play with matches," his mother said.

…………………………………………………..

4."I’ve forgotten to bring my lunch with me," he said.

................................................................

5."Will you be home soon?" she asked her husband.

...................................................................

6."Go to bed!" Father said to the children.

………………………………………………………

7."I’ll clean the car tomorrow," Tim said to his father.

………………………………………….

8."Where have you been?" Gary asked his wife.

..........................................................................

9." I’ve been working for the same company since 1960," he said to me.

.....................................

10."Do you know Garfield?" she asked me.

……………………………………………………..

XI. Turn the following sentences into Reported speech.

1."How shall I tell Tom the bad news?" she said....She asked how she should tell Tom the bad news.

2."You must try my home-made pie," he said.

....................................................................................

3."Can I go home now?" he asked.

...................................................................................................

4."May I call you by your first name?" he asked her.

..........................................................................

5."You can come in, but you mustn't make any noise," she said to him.

…………………………….

6."What time shall we arrive in London?" he asked.

...........................................................................

7."She must try harder if she wants to succeed," he said.

……………………………………………

8."My father will be angry with me if he finds out," she said.

..........................................................

9."YOU ought not to drive so fast," he said to her.

……………………………………

10."They don't have to come if they don't feel like it," he said.

………………………………………...

187

11."You had better speak to the manager," she said to him.

………………………………………..

12."I may not be able to meet you at the airport," he said to her.

..................................................

XII. Turn the following sentences into Reported speech

1."You should go to bed."

2."Please, please don't leave me."

3."Do it now!"

4."No, I did not kill him."

5."Oh, alright. I'll do the washing-up."

6."Don't forget to take the dog out."

7."Everybody, stand up now!"

8."No, I will not give you my money."

9."Could I use your phone?"

10."I'm sorry I shouted at you."

11."I'll punish you if you don't behave."

12."It was me who stole the book."

13."It only works if you press the green button."

14."You're right. It was a brilliant film."

XIII. Report the following using an appropriate introductory verb from the list

1."You should take more exercise," the doctor said..... The doctor advised me to take more exercise.

2."This film is so boring," he said to his mother.

3."Please, please let me go out to play, Mum," she said.

4."Shall I carry your shopping for you?" he said to her.

5."Don't get dirty in the garden," she said to Jane.

6."I'm not going to tidy Helen's bedroom," Tim said.

7."I didn't eat the cake," he said to her.

8."What a silly thing to say!" she said.

9."You really must get your hair cut," she said to him.

10."You broke my record player," she said to him.

11."I'm sorry I didn't write to you," she said to him.

12."Let's go to Jamaica for our holiday," he said to her.

13."Yes, that is a nice colour," the sales assistant said to her.

188

14."I'd rather watch a film than the news," she said to her.

15."How rude he is!" she said to me.

16."I think you should go on a diet," she said to him.

17."I didn't take your dress," she said to her sister.

18."What a nice gift!" he said.

19."I'll hit you if you don't stop talking," the boy said to his brother.

20."I'm sorry I spoke to you like that," he said to his mother.

Nature Protection

Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have an increase of the average temperature between 1,5—4,5 degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres, flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and become uninhabitable. Water contamination could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth.

For hundreds of thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth's environment. But now, at the end of the 20th century, we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature's sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside to accommodate our rubbish. These are the consequences of the development of civilization. We are to stop it by joint efforts of all the people of the world.

The range of environmental problems is wide. But the matters of people's great concern nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes, depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concentrates its activities on these issues.

Acid Rains

One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. It results from the release into the atmosphere of sulphur and nitrogen oxides that react with water droplets and return to earth in the form of acid rain, mist or snow. Acid rain is killing forests in Canada, the USA, and central and northern Europe. (Nearly every species of tree is affected.) It has acidified lakes and streams and they can't support fish, wildlife, plants or insects. (In the USA 1 in 5 lakes suffer from this type of pollution).

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun's destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a «hole». This «hole» allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It

189

increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people. Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important crops (rice, cotton, soy beans). The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone.

Destruction of the Tropical Forest

It's generally agreed that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate. The tropical rain forest is a natural recycler, provider and protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth of all species on earth to vanish in the next 25 years. These forests in Amazonia, South-East Asia and West and Central Africa are being destroyed at an alarming rate of 42 million acres per year.

Measures to Be Taken

We have only a few years to attempt to turn things around. We must review our wasteful, careless ways, we must consume less, recycle more, conserve wildlife and nature, act according to the dictum «think locally, think globally, act locally». To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories and plants from cities, use modern technologies, redesign and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances, protect and increase the greenery and broaden ecological education. These are the main practical measures, which must be taken in order to improve the ecological situation. Some progress has been already made in this direction. 159 countries-members of the UNO have set up environmental protection agencies. They hold conferences discussing ecological problems, set up environmental research centres and take practical urgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe. There are numerous public organisations such as Greenpeace that are doing much to preserve environment.

The 5th of June is proclaimed the World Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated every year.

190