4KTJ5[1]

…Africa is much larger than…Europe.

Last year I visited…Mexico and…United States. …south of England is warmer than …north. Portugal is in…western Europe.

France and Britain are separated by…Channel. Jim has travelled a lot in…Middle East. Chicago is on…Lake Michigan.

The highest mountain in Africa is…Kilimanjaro. Next year we are going skiing in…Swiss Alps.

…United Kingdom consists of …Great Britain and Northern Ireland. …Seychelles are a group of islands in…Indian Ocean.

…River Volga flows into…Caspian Sea.

Ex 4. Choose the right variant

A) the B) - __Andes

__Arctic ocean __Baikal __Caucasus __Crimea __Everest __Hague __Hudson Bay __Lenin Peak __Netherlands __Panama Canal __Sahara

__Antarctic Continent __Asia

__Belgium __Central America __Dublin __Gibraltar __Havana __Kalahari desert __Maldives __North Pole __Persian Gulf __Sakhalin __Antilles __Bahamas __Bay of Bengal __Corsica __English Channel __Great Bear Lake

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__Hawaiian Isles __Ladoga __New Zealand __Pacific Ocean __Philippines __Urals

Ex 5. Use the right article and translate the text. Be ready to ask and answer questions on the text.

…Amazon is…largest river in the world after…Nile. It flows across the continent of…South America, from…Andes mountain range to…Atlantic ocean. …Amazon is over 4 thousand miles long and up to 2000 miles wide. Thousand of small rivers flow into…Amazon, and between them they drain half the vast continent of…South America. This area is…Amazon Basin, a huge wilderness of tropical forest and grassy plains.

…Amazon begins only 100 miles from…Pacific Ocean, but it travels eastwards across the country instead of taking the quick route and flowing down the steep western slopes. Halfway along its length it reaches…Manaus, the biggest city in…Amazon region. Near…Manaus…Amazon is joined by another huge river, …Rio Negro, which has very clear water.

At the end of the course, nearly 4000 miles from the beginning, …Amazon forms…group of islands in midstream. This area is called a delta. …Amazon has…biggest delta in the world; one of…islands is as big as the country of…Switzerland.

The category of voice. Active and Passive.

Voice is the form of the verb, which shows whether the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action expressed by the verb or whether it was acted upon. There are two voices in Englishthe Active Voice and the passive Voice.

The Active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the agent (the doer) of the action expressed by the predicate verb.

It is common knowledge that the Passive Voice is more extensively used in English than in Russian. As a general rule, the passive construction is used when there is no need to mention the agent of the action because it is either easily understood from the situation or context, or because it is not important.

Her two brothers were wounded in the war. The telegram has been delivered on time.

The passive Voice is in analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional Verb.

The Simple Present – is (am, are) done The Simple Past – was (were) done The Simple Future – will (shall) be done

The Present Perfect – has (have) been done The Past Perfect – had been done

The Future Perfect – will (shall) have been done

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The Present Progressive – is (am, are) being done The Past Progressive – was (were) being done

The Passive Voice doesn’t have the Future Progressive in the Past and all the Perfect Progressive forms.

The interrogative form is built up by placing the (first) auxiliary verb before the subject of the sentence.

When was it done? Has the work been done?

When will the fax been sent? Where is the centre being built?

The negative form is built up by placing the particle not after the (first) auxiliary. The work was not done yesterday.

The file hasn’t been opened yet.

The Passive Voice in English is found with different types of verbs (mostly transitive).

There are a number of verbs which take two objects – a direct and an indirect objects. These verbs may have two passive constructions. The most frequently used verbs of this kind are: to tell. to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to live, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ask, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise and few others. A very good job was offered to me. He was offered a well-paid job.

There are a great number of verbs in English that require a prepositional object. These verbs may also bee used in the Passive. The preposition retains its place after the verb. This construction may be called the Prepositional Passive. He is well spoken of as a man of science. The doctor was sent for half an hour ago. He was looked upon as their leader. You’re being made a fool of.

The Prepositional Passive is not used with verbs, which take two objects, direct and prepositional. Here belong such verbs as to explain (something to somebody), to point out, to announce, to dictate, to describe, to mention, to repeat, to suggest, to propose. The difficulty was explained to her. The mistake was pointed out to us. A new plan was suggested to us.

Note 1. The active forms of the verbs to sell, wash, peel, crease, wear, bake, burn are used though the meanings are passive: This stuff washes and wears well and doesn’t crease. Detective stories sell well. Dry leaves burn well.

Note 2. There is a certain group of transitive verbs, which are not used in the passive voice. They are: to seem, to lack, to become, to feet, to suit, to resemble. There are semantic reasons for this, as these verbs don’t denote actions or processes, but states. John resembles his father. (John looks like his father). He has become a real professional He seems to know all.

Запомните:

Это нужно сделать – It must be done Это можно сделать – It can be done

Practice your knowledge, do the following exercises.

Ex 1. Переведитена английскийязык, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite Active или Past Indefinite Passive.

Я рассказал – Мне рассказали

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Я показал – Мне показали Она привела – Её привели Мы спросили – Нас спросили Мы ответили – Нам ответили Мы послали – Нас послали Они дали – Им дали Он помог – Ему помогли

Он посоветовал – Ему посоветовали Он забыл – Его забыли Он вспомнил – Его вспомнили

Мы пригласили – Нас пригласили Мы поправили – Нас поправили Он вылечил – Его вылечили Он позвал – Его позвали

Ex 2. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past

или Future Indefinite Passive.

Мне рассказали - Мне рассказывают - Мне расскажут Мне показали – Мне показывают – Мне покажут Её привели – Её приводят – Её приведут Нас спросили – Нас спрашивают – Нас спросят Нам ответили – Нам отвечают – Нам ответят Нас послали – Нас посылают – Нас пошлют Им дали –Им дают –Им дадут Ему помогли – Ему помогают – Ему помогут

Ему посоветовали – Ему советуют – Ему посоветуют Его забыли – Его забывают – Его забудут Его вспомнили - Его вспоминают – Его вспомнят

Нас пригласили – Нас приглашают – Нас пригласят Его позвали – Его зовут – Его позовут

Ex 3. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя Passive Infinitive после модальных глаголов.

Руки надо мыть перед каждой едой. Комнаты нужно регулярно проветривать. Кошку надо кормить рыбой.

Собаку можно кормить мясом и овощами. Ребёнку надо давать фрукты.

Книги надо положить в шкаф.

Эту картину можно повесить над камином. Как можно перевести это слово?

Куда можно поставить чемоданы? Можно кошку оставить во дворе? На что нужно обратить внимание?

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Ex 4. Use “to be” in the following tense forms and give your own examples:

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect.

Exercise 5. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August. 2. I have been woken up by the noise in the street. 3. He was given a form to fill in. 4. The tea will not be served till 5 because of the conference. 5. She was greeted very warmly. 6.Two men were arrested after the robbery. 7.My colleague will be sent to London to lecture to Russian history. 8. Wait a little, your papers are being looked through. 9. French is spoken in France and Canada. 10.This TV programme is watched mostly by teenagers.

Ex 6. Make the verbs in the following sentences passive:

What are they discussing?

The professor is examining our group.

The Spartans were celebrating a religious festival when a messenger came from Athens.

They are building a new school in our district.

What film are they demonstrating in the lecture room? He had a feeling that someone was following him. They were watching and taking pictures of a UFO.

They were interrogating the first witness when I came into the room. They are counting the prize money.

They are relieving him of his duty because of his age.

Exercise 7. Use the correct tense and voice forms of the verbs given in brackets? Translate the text and make up dialogues based on one of the texts.

A. The first skyscrapers (to invent) in New York, where land prices (to be) high and the geology (to allow) such methods of construction. Skyscrapers (to find) in cities throughout the world but New York (to consider) the world’s tallest city. If you (to want) to have a good view of New York City you (to be) able to do it from the top of the World Trade Centre (110 stories) or from the Empire State Building (102 stories).

The Empire State Building (to be) no longer the world’s tallest building but it (to be) certainly one of the world’s best-loved skyscrapers. Today more than 16000 people (to work) in the building and more than 2 million people a year (to visit) the 86th and 102nd floor observatories. At night the top 30 stories (to illuminate) with

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colours appropriate to the season: red and green for Christmas, orange and brown for Halloween.

Not far form the Empire State Building there (to be) an interesting architectural complex – Rockfeller Centre. It (to begin) during the Great Depression of the 1930s by John Rockfeller and to build according to one general plan. Rockfeller Centre (to consist) of 19 skyscrapers. It (to house) all kinds of offices, enterprises, banks, theatres, music halls, restaurants, shops, etc. All parts of the complex (to link) by underground passageways.

B.People who (to come) to New York by sea (to greet) by the Statue of Liberty. It (to become) a symbol of the city (if not the whole country) and an expression of freedom to people of all over the world. The statue (to show) liberty as a proud woman draped in the graceful folds of a loose robe. In her uplifted right hand, she (to hold) a glowing torch. She (to wear) a crown with seven spikes that (to stand) for the light of liberty shining on the seven seas and seven continents. In her left arm she (to hold) a tablet with the date of the Declaration of Independence. A chain that (to represent) tyranny (to lie) broken at her feet.

The Statue of Liberty (to be) France’s gift to America. It (to design) by the French sculpture Bartholdi and (to present) to the USA in 1886. The Lady in the Harbour (to stand) 151 feet tall, (to weight) nearly 255 tons and (to have) a 35-foot waist. In 1986 she (to undergo) a face-lift in honour of her 100th birthday.

365 steps (to lead) from the entrance to the observation area in the sevenpointed crown (visitors (not to allow) to climb to the torch). The views (to be) breathtaking. (From “Speak Out”)

C.The United Nations

The United Nations Charter (to write) in the closing days of the Second World War by the representatives of 50 governments which (to meet) in San Francisco in 1945. The Charter (to draft) on the basis of proposals which (to work out) by the representatives of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States when they (to meet) in Washington in 1944. The Charter (to adopt) and (to sign) on June 26 1945.

When the United Nations (to found), a framework for international cooperation (to put) in place and in five decades membership in the Organization (to triple).

Because of the climate of cold war which (to prevail) form the 1940s until recent times, it (to be) many years before the possibilities for co-operation could fully (to explore). Still, in that time, the United Nations and its agencies (to register) a solid list of accomplishments.

To millions of refugees from war and persecution, the United Nations (to provide) shelter and relief. It (to act) as a major catalyst in the evolution of 100 million people from colonial rule to independence and sovereignty. It (to establish) peacekeeping operations to help resolve conflicts. It (to expand) and (to codify) international law. In the five decades of its existence, the Organization (to adopt) over 70 legal instruments promoting respect for human rights.

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Each year on October 24 United Nations Day (to celebrate) to commemorate the founding of the UN in 1949.

Глаголы, наиболее употребляемые в страдательном залоге:

To arrive at – достигать чего-либо To agree upon – договариваться о

To be rid of – быть свободным от чего-либо

To deal with – иметь дело с, рассматривать (вопрос) To do away with – уничтожать, избавляться

To find fault with – придираться, находить недостатки To get rid of – избавлятьсяот

To insist on – настаиватьна To laugh at – смеятьсянад

To lose sight of – терять из виду кого-нибудь, что-нибудь To listen to – слушать кого-нибудь, что-нибудь

To look after – заботитьсяо

To look at – смотретьна

To make fun of – высмеивать, насмехаться

To make use of – использовать кого-нибудь, что-нибудь To object to – возражатьпротив

To pay attention to – обращатьвниманиена

To put an end to –положить конец

To refer to – ссылатьсяна To rely on – полагатьсяна

To speak of (about) – говорить о To send for – посылатьза

To take care of – заботитьсяо

To take into account – принимать во внимание

To take notice of – замечать, обращать внимание на To wait for – ждать кого-нибудь, чего-нибудь

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Reading and Speaking About Englishspeaking countries

There are too many countries and different cities in the world. But we are interested in Englishspeaking countries. There are 5 of them in the world, you know – GREAT BRITAIN, USA, AUSTRALIA, CANADA and NEW ZEALAND. Read some general information about these countries and be ready to discuss it.

Pre-text work: What is a country?

What country do you live in? What is thе capital of your state?

Do you know the difference between the definition of a city and a town? Where do you live in a city or in a town?

What or whom is your native town famous for? What are the main places of interest in your town?

How many countries are there in the world? Which of them are English-speaking? Can you call the capital cities of these countries?

Can you tell anything about these countries

Great Britain has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century. It is the home of four nations – English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish. But foreigners often call all British people English. The union between England and Wales was enacted in 1284, in the act of union in 1707 England and Scotland agreed to permanent the union as Great Britain. The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801,with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. United Kingdom is located in the Western Europe, on the British Islands, including one-sixth of the island of Ireland, between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North sea, northwest of France. Total area is 244820sq.km. Population is about 59 million people. Official languages are English, Welsh-about 26 per.cent of the population of Wales and Scottish as a form of Gaelic-about 60000 in Scotland. Government type is constitutional monarchy with her Majesty the Queen at the head. The capital city is London. The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and a number of other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Australian mainland has been inhabited for more than 42,000 years by indigenous Australians. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and then European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, the eastern half of Australia was later claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established during the 19th century.

On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory. The population is just over 21 million.

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Canada . The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom.A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship.

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands. The indigenous Miori named New Zealand Aotearoa, which is usually translated into English as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The population is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Miori being the largest minority. Asians and non-Miori Polynesians are also significant minorities, especially in the cities. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. The Queen 'reigns but does not rule.' She has no real political influence, and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government.

The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. Proclaiming themselves "states," they issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence. In the nineteenth century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, Great Britain, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of slavery in the United States. The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the nation's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country

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with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO.

VOCABULARY NOTES:

1.A settlement is a place where people have come for permanent living. London grew from a small settlement.

2.A town is a place where people live and work. It is larger than a village. Our town is famous for its beautiful parks with a lot of flowers.

3.A city is larger than a town and has important buildings, such as a university, a cathedral and a large hospital. All the capitals are cities in which government works.

4.A country is an area of land which has its own government and official borders. There are more than 200 countries in the world.

5.A Commonwealth is a union of countries.

6.To be situated – быть расположенным, находиться

The UK is situated on British Isles

Syn. To be located - быть расположенным, находиться 7. to exist – существовать

Existence – существование

8.to inhabit – населять

9.to found – основывать

10.to immigrate – иммигрировать

Immigration – иммиграция (изменение места жительства)

11.minority – меньшинство

12.to proclaim – объявлять, провозглашать Proclamation – объявление, провозглашение

13.to comprise – включать в себя, состоять из…

14.to defeat - побеждать

EXERCISES

1 Study the names of all the states of America and find and write the names of their

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