Biodiversity2013

«Biodiversity. Ecology. Adaptation. Evolution.» Odessa, 2013

Advancing the integrated monitoring of trace gas exchange Between Biosphere and Atmosphere (ABBA).

NO/NO2 FLUXES MEASUREMENT EXPERIENCE IN ARABLE LAND IN

DNIESTER CATCHMENT

Medinets S.1, Medinets V.1, Butterbach-Bahl K.2, Gasche R.2, Pitsyk V.1, Skiba U.3

1Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University (ONU), Odessa, Ukraine 2IMK-IFU, KIT, Garmisch-Panterkirchen, Germany

3Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK

E-mail: s.medinets@gmail.com

Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitric oxide is the important issue causing the concern due to directly effect on atmospheric ozone levels (Fowler et al., 2009) with estimated global emission rate from soil around 8.9 Tg NO-N yr-1 (IPCC, 2007).

ThemeasurementsofNO/NO2 fluxesatfieldscalegiveuspossibilitytodetermine southern Chernozem, typical for south of Ukraine, as a source or a sink of N oxides, observe annual and seasonal peculiarity, estimate annual budget and assess NOx exchange in a regional/country scale for the territory with similar soils.

Automatic dynamic chamber system for NO/NOx/O3 gas analyzing (KIT, Germany), described in details by Butterbach-Bahl et al. (1997), has been implemented for continuous measurements with frequency 10 s for O3 and 3 min for NO/NO2 in September 2012 at monitoring site of ONU. Flux measurement time episode (19.09-05.10.2012) was presented in this study to demonstrate possibility of system, an importance and complexity of exchange evaluation of NOx fluxes.

Measurement period on field site has started from rather high emission rate, followingperturbationofsurfacetoplayerofsoil,withgradualreductionofemission probably due to declining microbial activity. The mean flux was 6.98±2.36 μg N m-2 h-1, with the peak 12.2±4.46 μg N m-2 h-1 (at 12:00-14:00, 29th of September) and the minimum (0.69±0.42 μg N m-2 h-1) at 3:00-5:00 am, 1st of October. Calculated first results of NO fluxes corresponded well with reported data by Cruvinel et al. (2011) on arable land under bare condition. Nevertheless we found that NO fluxes after soil perturbation lasted during ca. 4 days and was at the same level (10-12 μg N m-2 h-1), as NO fluxes from bare soil during first days after tillage (Cruvinel et al., 2011). It is known that NO2 is formed rapidly from emitted NO and could be re-deposited on plant and soil surface with intensity depending on atmospheric concentration and compensation point (concentration where no gas exchange is observed) for that particular site. The absolute peak of NO2 deposition rate (-21.31 μg N m-2 h-1) was registered in October, 1st at 18:00, of October, while the mean value was -6.30±4.75 μg N m-2 h-1 for entireperiod of study. Slight emissions of NO2 were observed several times in a range of 0.3-0.4 μg N m-2 h-1, when ambient NO2 concentration was less than0.9ppb,whichwellcomparedwiththosedatareportedbyButterbach-Bahletal. (1997) and could be described by compensation point approach.

Authors gratefully acknowledge support from the projects “Effects of Climate Change onAir Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems”

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(ÉCLAIRE), funded under the EC 7th Framework Programme (Grant Agreement No. 282910), “Evaluation of Agriculture and Fires Impacts to Lower Dniester Ecosystems and Greenhouse Gases Emission intoAtmosphere” (No. 505), funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, and EU COST Action ES0804 - Advancing the integrated monitoring of trace gas exchange Between Biosphere and Atmosphere (ABBA).

SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT EPISODE

ABOVE BARE SOIL IN THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE

Medinets S.1, Medinets V.1, Butterbach-Bahl K.2, Gasche R.2, Pitsyk V.1, Skiba U.3

1Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University (ONU), Odessa, Ukraine 2IMK-IFU, KIT, Garmisch-Panterkirchen, Germany

3Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh, UK

E-mail: s.medinets@gmail.com

It is known that tropospheric ozone can exert influence as a direct greenhouse gas (GHG) as well as indirect via reaction with others GHG, thus effecting on their presence time in atmosphere (Lippmann, 1991; Fuhrer, 2003; IPCC, 2007; Fowler et al.,2009).Ozoneisaphytotoxicsecondarypollutant,whichisthirdbytheimportance after СО2 and СН4 (Fowler et al., 2009). High concentration of ozone could impact on human health (Lippmann, 1991; IPCC, 2007) and ecosystem in general (Fuhrer, 2003; Fowler et al., 2009).

ThemainpurposeofourinvestigationistostudyambientO3 concentrationlevels and determine diurnal and seasonal course in typical agricultural area in the southern Ukraine.

For the first time in Ukraine we have started continuous measurements of O3 concentration using automatic system for gas analyzing (KIT, Germany; described in details by Butterbach-Bahl et al., 1997) with fast response (10 s frequency) UV photometric O3 analyzer model 49C (TEI Inc., USA). Here we have presented preliminary measurement data at hourly and diurnal base report for 19th September – 5th October 2012 time episode.

During investigation period average hourly O3 concentration was 24.03±4.63 ppb (47.53±9.61μgО3 m-3),withthemaximumof50.96±1.93ppb(100.25±3.75μgО3 m-3) at14:00-15:00(September,19)andtheminimum,registeredat2:00-3:00(September, 23),was4.77±2.83ppb(9.93±5.89μgО3 m-3).ConcentrationofO3strongly(P<0.05) correlatedwithcloudamountandglobalradiationlevels.Strictdiurnalcourseofozone was observed with the maximum after noon (from 12:00 to 16:00) and the minimum just before sunrise. The obtained data showed that the mean level of ambient surface tropospheric ozone (24.03±4.63 ppb) in southern Ukraine for that time episode could be characterized as middle-moderate, according to Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air in Europe, and was not exceed proposed diurnal maximum (40 ppb) for agricultural areas (AOT40). Further continuous investigations are urgently needed to account the mean annual O3 concentration and estimate annual course and forecast possible effect on ecosystem for that particular region.

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Authors gratefully acknowledge support from the projects “Effects of Climate Change onAir Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems” (ÉCLAIRE), funded under the EC 7th Framework Programme (Grant Agreement No. 282910), “Evaluation of Agriculture and Fires Impacts to Lower Dniester Ecosystems and Greenhouse Gases Emission intoAtmosphere” (No. 505), funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, and EU COST Action ES0804 - Advancing the integrated monitoring of trace gas exchange Between Biosphere and Atmosphere (ABBA).

LANDSAT 7 IMAGES USE FOR ASSESSMENT OF FIRE TRACES AREAS

Pavlik T.V., Medinets V.I., Lebediev D.G.

Odessa National I.I. Mechnikov University, Odessa, Ukraine

E-mail: tatyanakorzun88@gmail.com

Establishing of protected and strictly protected areas in particular in the Dnister Delta is the main instrument for environmental management of natural processes aimed at biological diversity conservation. Uncontrolled fires damage irreparably unique nature resources in the Dnister Delta over the last years. To make objective managerial decisions permanent control of the areas and consequences of the fires should be performed. The most efficient method to assess squares and boundaries of the fire-damaged areas in the delta is to make use of high-resolution space images (Medinets and Korzun, 2010).

Aim of the paper is to generalize the experience of free LANDSAT 7 space images use to determine squares and boundaries of the Dnister Delta areas (within the Lower Dnister National Nature Park (LDNNP)) affected by fires in winter-spring period of 2011-2012.

Methodology of LANDSAT 7 space images processing to assess areas and boundaries of fire traces usingArcGIS 9.2 has been described.

Characteristics of the LandSat 7 space images used to map fire traces in the entire LDNNP, as well as in every zone (strictly protected, regulated recreation, stationary recreation and economic zone) of the Park have been analyzed.

Analysis of the results received has shown that fire traces areas in the Dnister Delta in 2012 made 5075.0 ha, including 3582.8 ha in the LDNNP, and in 2011

– 3071.1 ha and 2704.3 ha respectively. It is pointed out than no fires have been observed in economic zone in 2011 and 2012. It is revealed that the strictly protected zone happened to be the most affected with fires in 2011-2012. The maximal square of burned territories within the strictly protected area made 772 ha (23.83%) and was registered in the period from 06.11.2011 to 29.11.2011. During the periods from 10.02.2012 to 13.03.2012, from 13.03.2012 to 20.03.2012 and from 29.11.2011 to 10.02.2012 in the strictly protected area burned out respectively 570.1 ha, 43.8 ha and 22.1 ha. For the zone of regulated recreation the period from 21.10.2011 to 06.11.2011 happened to be the time of maximal fire danger, as in this period fire traces area made 772 ha (9.06% of the total zone area).

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It is recommended to use LANDSAT 7 space images to assess the squares and boundaries of fire traces, which are periodically observed in the studied territory and in the other reed-bed and deltaic areas. This would be helpful for cost-effective planning of restoration activities and development of the measures aimed at fire danger decrease for the unique Dnister Delta areas.

The study has been performed in the framework of the project “To assess influence of agro-industrial activities and fires on ecosystems of the Lower Dnister and emission of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere” No 505 funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine since 2013.

SEASONAL VARIATION OF SOIL BULK DENSITY IN SOUTHERN

CHERNOZEM OF ARABLE LAND

Pitsyk V., Medinets S., Medinets V., Goshurenko L., Bilanchin Ya.

Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University (ONU), Odessa, Ukraine

E-mail: v.z.pitsyk@gmail.com

As a result of a long-term intensive anthropogenic impact on Chernozem soils of the southern Ukraine, their physical properties undergo significant alterations, leading, in many cases, to declining of fertility and degradation the most precious, soil organic matter (SOM) reached surface layer (Medvedev et al., 2012).

The goal of our study was the determination of seasonal variations of soil bulk density of southern Chernozem under intensive agricultural loading in 2010 at the field near monitoring station “Petrodolinskoe”, 30 km far from Odessa city.

Soil bulk density determination was carried by classical method of Kachinskiy (Kachinskiy, 1965) with using soil rings for sampling at 5-6 replicas.

It was demonstrated that average bulk density of surface layer (0-10 cm) was 1.27±0.15 g cm-3 in 2010, corresponded with mean bulk density (1.15 g cm-3) by Kaurichev (1982). A decrease of bulk density on ca. 0.2 g cm-3 was shown after a ploughing in March (1.00±0.30 g cm-3), followed by an increasing up to 1.14±0.03 g cm-3 in April via self-packing (Medvedev, 1979). A significant soil packing was detected in irrigation period and active agricultural machine activity, initiated from June (1.29±0.04 g cm-3) and reached the peak magnitudes in August – September (1.42±0.03 g cm-3), which confirmed previous results by Kaurichev (1982), who found that bulk density could exceed 1.30 g cm-3 under the same condition.

It was observed that soil oversaturation by water together with intensive machine usageonthefieldledtoacompactionofsurfacesoil,enrichedbyhumicacids(Mikhayluk et al., 2008), as a consequence a decreasing of soil pore spaces, causing to a declining of soil aeration (Davidson and Kingerlee, 1991; Kim et al., 2012). Such conditions, by our opinion, could provide a formation of huge amount of anaerobic microsites, colonized actively by denitrifiers, thus activation of denitrification took place, leading to significant losses of surface labile N as N2O and N2 (Skiba, 2008; Medinets et al., 2011),i.e.surfacelayersoildepletionofmineralNandSOM(Medvedevetal.,2012). It was discussed the recommendations of a preservation of optimal soil bilk density

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during an entire agricultural cycle: use of light-weight agricultural machine, “closed” drip irrigation type, rational crop rotation etc were discussed.

Authors gratefully acknowledge support from the projects “Effects of Climate Change onAir Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems” (ÉCLAIRE), funded under the EC 7th Framework Programme (Grant Agreement No. 282910), “Evaluation of Agriculture and Fires Impacts to Lower Dniester Ecosystems and Greenhouse Gases Emission intoAtmosphere” (No. 505), funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT IN

UKRAINE

Siryk D., Nychyk O., Salavor O.

National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Ukraine

E-mail: eco_nuft@ukr.net

Basic principles and positions of environmental audits are implemented in the resolution of the European Union’s environmental management and environmental auditing adopted in 1993. Since 1996 the world is international standards are ISO 14000, which states the principles and procedures for environmental audit. Today, they are common in Ukraine and represent the ecological reconstruction of the whole business. Application of ISO 14000 standards will enable companies of Ukraine to ensure their own competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

In Ukraine, the introduction of an environmental audit is in its formative stages and how successful will this process depends on the efficiency of the economy of Ukraine. Deterrent today is the lack of legal framework for environmental audit and borrowing foreign experience is not adapted to the Ukrainian realities.

Environmentalauditsmaybesubjecttoenterprises,institutionsandorganizations and their affiliates, representatives or associations of integral property complexes and other industrial facilities, or individual units of production or activities; system of environment management, and other subjects provided law. Organization and implementation of eco - auditing regulated parts 2, 3. 49 of the Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Protection», Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Audits» (2004), legislation governing the activities and areas in which the mandatory environmental audit (including privatization). A number of procedural documents for the certification of auditors, RMBs environmental auditors and legal persons who are eligible to conduct environmental audits, approved by the Ministry of Environment. Environmental auditing quality management systems environment is also regulated by international standards. 3 January 1, 1998 in Ukraine, particularly adapted following international standards: EN ISO 14010-97 «Guidelines for the implementation of environmental auditing. General principles, BS ISO 14011-97 «Guidelines for the implementation of environmental auditing. Procedures audit. Auditing of environmental management systems», EN ISO 14012-97 «Guidelines for the implementation of environmental auditing. Qualification requirements for

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auditors of ecology». In place of these standards then came a single standard EN ISO - 19011:2003 «Guidelines for auditing quality management systems and (or) environmental management».

In Ukraine this type of audit is only beginning to develop. The basis for its implementation and further development is ratification at national level of international standards for environmental management and audit ISO 14000 and the Law of Ukraine «On environmental auditing».

АВТОРСЬКИЙ ПОКАЖЧИК

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