- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. To denote actions and states continuing at the moment of speaking (with stative and relational verbs).
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •12. To denote past actions in newspapers headlines.
- •3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Indications of time are not necessary.
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •8. To express a future action viewed from the past. This use is found in reported speech and
- •4. The contracted negative forms are:
- •5. The negative- interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •1. It serves to express an action which is going on at a given moment in the past.
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •II. The conracted negative forms are:
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Future Continuous.
- •1. The Future Continuous is used to denote an action which will be going on at a definite moment in the future.
- •2. The Future Continuous is very often used in modern English in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, I. E. To denote a future action.
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •1. The past moment from which the action expressed by the Past Perfect Continuous is viewed may be indicated:
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
1.think can be used in the continuous when no opinion is given or asked for:
What are you thinking about? -I'm thinking about the play we saw last night.
But
What do you think of it? (opinion asked for) ~ / don't think much of it. (opinion given)
Tom is thinking of emigrating. What do you think of the idea? ~
I think it is a stupid idea. He should stay where he is.
2. assume can be used in the continuous when it means 'accept as a starting point':
I'm assuming that you have time to do a lot of research.
assume power/control of a country or organization can also be the continuous:
The new government is assuming power at once.
3.expect can be used in the continuous when it means “await‘:
I'm expecting a letter. She's expecting a baby in May.
The past indefinite (simple) tense
I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
The Past Indefinite is formed by adding -ed or -d to the stem (regular verbs),
or by changing the root vowel, or in some other ways (irregular verbs).
Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
Infinitive: to love Simple past: loved
The same form is used for all persons:
I worked you worked he worked etc.
2. The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the Present Indefinite of
the auxiliary verb to do and the Infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I worked (wrote) Did I work? (write) I did not work (write)
He worked (wrote) Did he work? (write) He did not work (write)
She worked (wrote) Did she work? (write) She did not work (write)
We worked (wrote) Did we work? (write) We did not work (write)
You worked (wrote) Did you work? (write) You did not work (write)
They worked (wrote) Did they work? (write) They did not work (write)
3. The contracted negative forms are:
I didn`t work
She didn`t work
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
Did you not work?
Didn`t you work?
Irregular verbs: form
These vary considerably in their simple past form:
Infinitive: to eat, to leave, to see, to speak
Simple past: ate, left, saw, spoke
The simple past form of each irregular verb must therefore be learnt, but once this is done there is no other difficulty, as irregular verbs (like regular verbs) have no inflexions in the past tense.
A list of irregular verbs will be found on page 49
II. SPELLING NOTES
The rules about doubling the final consonant when adding ing (see p.6) apply also when adding - ed:
admit, admitted
stop, stopped
travel, travelled
Verbs ending in -у following a consonant change the -у into -i before adding -ed:
carry, carried
try, tried
but -у following a vowel does not change:
obey, obeyed.
III. The use of the Past Indefinite.
1. The Past Indefinite denotes a single action performed within a period of time which is
already over. The action is cut off from the present. The time of the action may be
indicated by adverbials of past time, such as yesterday,
the day before yesterday,
a week ago,
last year,
in 1971, etc.
The sun came out a moment ago.
Miss Helstone stayed the whole evening.
Ellean breakfasted two hours ago, and then went out walking with the dog.
The Past Indefinite can correspond to the Russian past perfective and past imperfective (совершенный и несовершенный вид).
Не smoked a cigarette and left the room (выкурил). He smoked in
silence for a few minutes (курил).
The translation depends on the context and the lexical character of the verb.
The time of the action may be implied in the situation through the mention of the place of
the action or other attending circumstances.
I ate turnips in Germany.
Did you belong to any society at the University?
But sometimes the mention of the time or place of the action appears unnecessary because
reference is made to a particular action which is definite in the mind of the speaker and
the hearer.
Sorry! I didn’t mean to hurt you.
I slept very badly.
Note: The Simple Past, never the Present Perfect, is used in questions beginning with when, because when implies a certain moment in the past. The answer can be either in the Past Indefinite or in the Present Perfect, depending on the situation:
When did you see him?
I saw him two days ago.
Or: I have just seen him. (just now)
When did you actually arrive?
The Past Indefinite is also used in special questions beginning with where and how when they refer to the past events. The Present Perfect is not common here because the attention in such sentences is drawn to the circumstances of the action rather than to the occurrence itself, which means that the speaker has a definite action in mind.
Where did your uncle receive his guests?" "Right here."
How did he get in?" I asked, and Evans said, "Oh, he has a key."
Where is my hat? Where did I leave my hat?"
Yet the Past Indefinite may also be found in present time context with such adverbial
modifiers of time as this morning,
tonight,
today,etc.