- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. To denote actions and states continuing at the moment of speaking (with stative and relational verbs).
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •12. To denote past actions in newspapers headlines.
- •3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Indications of time are not necessary.
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •8. To express a future action viewed from the past. This use is found in reported speech and
- •4. The contracted negative forms are:
- •5. The negative- interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •1. It serves to express an action which is going on at a given moment in the past.
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •II. The conracted negative forms are:
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Future Continuous.
- •1. The Future Continuous is used to denote an action which will be going on at a definite moment in the future.
- •2. The Future Continuous is very often used in modern English in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, I. E. To denote a future action.
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •1. The past moment from which the action expressed by the Past Perfect Continuous is viewed may be indicated:
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I’d worked
We’d worked
The contracted negative forms are:
I hadn’t worked
We hadn’t worked
The negative-interrogative forms are:
Had he not worked?
Hadn’t he worked?
Had you not worked?
Hadn’t you worked?
III. The use of the Past Perfect
The Past Perfect expresses an action accomplished before a given past moment and viewed back from that moment.
The porter said that our friend had just left the club.
The storm had died away but very far off the thunder was still muttering.
The past moment from which the accomplished action is viewed may be indicated:
By means of an adverbial expression: by four o’clock, by that time, by the end of the week, etc.
By that time the children had already gone to school.
By the end of the week we had already done half of the work.
By six o’clock they had already gathered in the hall.
By another action expressed by a verb in the Past Indefinite.
When I came home, everybody had gone to the concert.
I knew that she had left for the South.
◆ Notice that the tense does not change depending on the positive or negative meaning of the context:
We had gone far when we suddenly noticed that dark clouds were beginning to gather.
We had not gone far when we suddenly noticed that dark clouds were beginning to
gather.
◆ The definite moment need not necessarily be expressed in the same sentence as the action expressed by the Past Perfect.
Everybody noticed how sad she was the whole evening. She had got an unpleasant
letter.
The Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions hardly…when,
merely…when,
barely…when,
scarcely…when,
no sooner…than.
He had hardly entered the room when he heard some noise.
For the sake of emphasis the word order is often inverted.
No sooner had the bell gone than the teacher entered the classroom.
The Past Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs just,
already,
yet.
Elsie, who had not yet assumed the white cap, was sweeping the stairs.
Sometimes the Past Perfect does not denote priority but only the completion of the action.
The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
The Past Indefinite is sometimes used instead of the Past Perfect in clauses introduced by before and after owing to the lexical meaning of these conjunctions.
After he left (had left) the house, he recollected that he hadn’t locked the door.
He stood motionless after she disappeared.
With verbs which have terminative meaning as to arrive, to enter, to look in, to open, etc. the Past Indefinite is used when two actions closely follow each other. Verbs of motion and sense perception such as to come, to arrive, to return, to see, to hear, in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Past Indefinite and not in the Past Perfect. The actions are practically simultaneous.
When he heard the first line of the poem, he recognized it at once.
When I entered the room, I noticed that somebody was sitting at the table.
When the completion of the action is emphasized the Past Perfect is used.
He knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several times.
I noticed that somebody was sitting at the table only when I had already entered
the room.
◆ Notice the use of the Past Perfect and the Past indefinite in the following examples:
he had closed the window and was sitting in his armchair reading a newspaper.
He closed the window, sat down in the armchair and began reading his newspaper.
The rain had stopped and the sun was shining brightly.
The rain stopped and the sun came out again.
He had turned on the light and was sitting at his desk writing letters.
He turned on the light, sat down at his desk and began writing letters.
The Past Perfect is used to denote the action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. The starting point or the whole period of duration of the action is indicated. To indicate the starting point the preposition since is used, to indicate the whole period of duration for is used.
with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form:
Examination convinced him that the deacon was dead – had been dead for some time.