- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. To denote actions and states continuing at the moment of speaking (with stative and relational verbs).
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •12. To denote past actions in newspapers headlines.
- •3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Indications of time are not necessary.
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •8. To express a future action viewed from the past. This use is found in reported speech and
- •4. The contracted negative forms are:
- •5. The negative- interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •1. It serves to express an action which is going on at a given moment in the past.
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •II. The conracted negative forms are:
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Future Continuous.
- •1. The Future Continuous is used to denote an action which will be going on at a definite moment in the future.
- •2. The Future Continuous is very often used in modern English in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, I. E. To denote a future action.
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •1. The past moment from which the action expressed by the Past Perfect Continuous is viewed may be indicated:
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
The present perfect continuous tense
I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Present Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb. Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.
|
Affirmative |
Negative | |
|
I have been working |
I have not been working | |
|
You have been working |
You have not been working | |
|
He/she/it has been working |
He/she/it has not been working | |
|
We have been working |
We have not been working | |
|
They have been working |
They have not been working | |
|
Interrogative |
| |
|
Have I been working? |
| |
|
Have you been working? |
| |
|
Has he/she/it been working? |
| |
|
Have we been working? |
| |
|
Have they been working? |
| |
II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I’ve been working
He’s been working
You’ve been working
The contracted negative forms are:
I haven’t been working
He hasn’t been working
You’ve been working
The negative-interrogative forms are:
Has he not been working?
Hasn’t he been working?
Have you not been working?
Haven’t you been working?
III.The use of the Present Perfect Continuous
1. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for action that started in the past and is still happening. Usually if the action started a few minutes or hours ago, we use the Present Perfect Continuous, and if it has been happening for longer, we can use either the simple or continuous form.
I have been studying for three hours.
(I started studying three hours ago and I am still studying.)
They have been living in Paris for three years.
(They have lived in Paris for three years, and are still there.)
2. We use the Present Perfect Continuous when we talk about an action (quite a long action) which began in the past and has recently stopped or just stopped.
You are out of breath. Have you been running?
That man over there is bright red. I think he’s been sunbathing.
3. We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with verbs like learn, lie (on the bed), live, rest, sleep, sit, stand, stay, which describe states of being rather than actions.
Alex has been sleeping for hours.
4. We can also use the continuous form when we want to emphasize how long something has been happening.
I’ve been learning Italian for six years and I still can’t speak it properly!
Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
Sometimes the action is a repeated action.
Tom has been driving for ten years.
How long have you been smoking?
The continuous or simple form can be used for actions repeated over a long period.
I’ve been collecting / I’ve collected stamps since I was a child.
5. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that have just finished, often when we can see the result.
The road is wet; it has been raining.
6. For actions that are temporary, unusual or continue for some time.
I have been staying with Aunt Olga this week as my mother is in Paris.
7. Remember that some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form. So instead of the Present Perfect Continuous, they are usually used in the Present Perfect.
I’ve been sitting here in the park for an hour, and I’ve met two friends of mine.
(Not; I’ve been meeting.)
Tom and I have known each other since we were at school.
8. The Present Perfect Continuous is used with for, since and How long…? to say how long something has been happening.
-How long have you been waiting for me?
-I’ve bee waiting for you since 8 o’clock / for two hours.
We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o’clock).
We use for when we say the period of time (two hours).
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
I. The formation of the Past Perfect Tense.
The Past Perfect is formed by means of the Past Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
|
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
Negative |
|
I had worked |
Had I worked? |
I had not worked |
|
You had worked |
Had you worked? |
You had not worked |
|
He/she/it had worked |
Had he/she/it worked? |
He/she/it had worked |
|
We had worked |
Had we worked? |
We had not worked |
|
They had worked |
Had they worked? |
They had not worked |