2.Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. envi­ronmental problems

2. fac­ing Britain's environment

3. dreadful London smogs

4. smokeless zones

5. on the other hand

6. has as­sumed global proportions

7. is not merely a matter of plant-food supply

8. valuable space

9. irrevocably damaged

10. closely connected

3.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. проблемы окружающей среды

2. грозит серьезным загрязнением воздуха

3. реклама сигарет

4. более дорогие автомагистрали

5. дает работу большому количеству людей

6. искусственные удобрения

7. с другой стороны

8. подвергается значительному влиянию

9. по крайней мере два пути

10. ввысшей степени нереально

4.Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, обозначьте словообразовательную морфему (приставка, корень, суффикс) либо дополнительный корень при словосложении и переведите слова на русский язык:

1. pollute

2. differ

3. environment

4. smoke

5. advertise

6. life

7. value

8. danger

9. relate

10. measure

5.Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. One of Britain's environmental successes has been the control of air pollution, especially in London.

2. There has been bad pollution of Britain's rivers, and the government has tried hard to stop it.

3. Since 1958 the pollu­tion of Britain has increased by 11% but the number of cars increased by 400%.

4. There are now only about thirty metres of road for each car in Britain, so we'll have to build more expensive motor­ways which damage the environment.

5. The problem has already been discussed at a large number of conferences, some of them sponsored by the UN.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Has the environmental situation in Great Britain been improving or deteriorating?

2. What form does the problem of the environment take in Great Britain? In your country?

3. In what way does the increase in population affect the environment?

4. Interrelations between man and the biosphere. Why is it a problem of great importance?

5. Are there any courses of action in order to avert environmental doom?

6. Can the fertility be restored by applying some of the huge amounts of artificial fertilizers?

7. What are your conclusions after the reading of the texts?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 6

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

IS MAN A PEST? The question whether pesticides are more dangerous to pests or non-pests has not been fully resolved yet. One of the difficulties lies in finding a solution to the problem of a satisfactory definition of a pest. Is man a pest, or non-pest, for example? One thing is certain — all pesticides are dangerous to all life. The problem assumes new propor­tions when the fact is noted that certain pesticides have become global contaminants. They have been found to be present in a wide range of organisms throughout the world, including the oceans and the polar regions. The spread of contamination in Europe is rather typical. Pesticides are used in every European country and are manufactured in many of them, notably in France, Germany, the Nether­lands, Sweden, the USSR and Britain; in addition large quantities are imported from the United States. Pesticides, usually in the form of concentrations, are moved exten­sively from one country to another in the normal course of international trade. The movement of pesticides in bulk from one place to another obviously entails some risk since accidents are bound to occur, and as a result pesticides are sometimes spilled on the land or into rivers or the sea. They may also be discharged accidentally into rivers from factories making or using them. Insecticides applied as sprays are widely dispersed in the atmosphere and carried from country to country by winds. Finally, living organ­isms can themselves cause the dispersal of pesticides from one nation to another. Ecologists claim that contamina­tion is bound to have consequences to life on our planet. It may soon become possible to judge whether and to what extent they are right.

NATURAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTION. Scientists dealing with the problem of pollution con­sider it very important that it should be exactly assessed. A large number of fairly sophisticated pollution gauges have been devised to serve this purpose. In addition, it has recently been found out that there are a number of natural gauges whose performance by far exceeds anything that has so far been made by man. They are plants as lichens and bryophytes which are exceptionally sensitive to certain components of air pollution. Ideally such «indicators» species should be widespread, easy to recognize, and between them show a wide range of sensi­tivity so that the rate of fall-off pollution could be easily assessed. The sensitivity of certain plants to pollution components may also be of value to individual persons contemplating the possibility of settling down in an area. It is known, for example, that lichens are exceptionally sensitive to sulphur dioxide content in the air. It follows that people suffering from a variety of respiratory dis­eases would do well to live in an area where lichens are abundant on the trees.

THE INTERVIEW BY FRENCH BIOLOGIST ALAN BOMBARD TO A REPORTER OF "U. S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT".

Q. Dr. Bombard, is the Mediterranean actually dying from pollution?

A. I would say, yes, it is. If pollution continues at its present pace my estimate is that the northern half will be almost dead in 10 years. It would take only 15 years for the whole of Medi­terranean to become dead as far as marine life is concerned.

Q. Is there something about the Mediterranean that makes it highly vulnerable to pollution?

A. Yes, it's much more fragile — in the ecological sense — than most people realize.

First of all, it's a closed area. In fact, it has more of cha­racteristics of a lake than a sea — somewhat resembling your Great Lakes in America. The Lakes are fed by rivers and streams but are also huge reservoirs where chemical wastes sink to the bottom.

There are no permanent currents which could move waste materials. That's why, if a big oil tanker ever breaks-up in the Mediterranean, the coasts will be polluted for 20 years or so.

And finally, the Mediterranean has densely populated coasts, especially along the northern rim.

Q. Under the best conditions, how long would it take the Mediterranean waters to be renewed?

A. If you stop all pollution of the Mediterranean now, it would still take about 100 years before the sea becomes clean.

Q. Is the Mediterranean polluted everywhere?

A. Not exactly, because there are several kinds of pollu­tion. Surface pollution — mainly from petroleum products — is something you find everywhere.

Then there is the vast human and industrial pollution ge­nerated by the densely populated coasts stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the heel of Italy. Along the Yugoslav and Greek coastline there are fewer industrial and popula­tion centres, but the situation is getting worse there, too.

Q. Who is hit hardest by pollution in the Mediterranean?

A. In the long run, everyone suffers. But the vitality of a sea is measured by the amount of life in it, so it is the fisherman who suffers most. Scientists — Spanish and Italian and French — have pointed out that the fish in the Mediterranean are declining rapidly. Sardines are get­ting harder to find. And tuna fish are doomed in the not-too-distant future. In 10 years there won't be a single tuna in the Mediterranean. Aside from the fishermen, it's the tourists who pay the heaviest price. They will find fewer beaches where it's safe to swim and fewer pleasant spots for camping.

Q. Is anything being done about water pollution?

A. Until there is an international agreement on envi­ronmental problems, there is not much that can be done. All countries and all peoples are so linked by the seas that international cooperation is the only answer to our mu­tual problems. Do you realize that 150 miles beyond the little beach at Saint-Tropez, which is so famous in France and around the world, there is pollution from the city of Genoa — 250 miles away? What can you do about some­thing like this? Well, that's up to the economists and the ecologists.

As for myself, I don't believe in vast projects, such as trying to reach zero economic growth. I do not think it's realistic. But we could create products which are recyc­lable. We could try to agree on measures to stop tankers from flushing out their fuel compartments at sea. We could get industries to agree to put antipollution measures into their factories. That'swherethestarthastobemade.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. dealing with the problem

2. may also be of value

3. a wide range of sensi­tivity

4. respiratory dis­eases

5. under the best conditions

6. in the long run

7. is getting worse

8. pleasant spots for camping

9. antipollution measures

10. recyc­lable products