5. Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. We are to stop it by joint efforts of all the people of the world.

2. The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the sun's destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFC (chlorofluorocarbons).

3. These forests in Amazonia, South-East Asia and West and Central Africa are being destroyed at an alarming rate of 42 million acres per year.

4. Some progress has been already made in this direction.

5. 159 Countries-members of the uno have set up environmental protection agencies.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What has happened with nature's sensitive equilibrium and why?

2. Which forms of air pollution do you know?

3. What makes a hole in the ozone layer?

4. Why is it generally agreed, that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate?

5. What are measures to be taken in order to improve the ecological situation?

6. What has already been made in the direction of improving the ecological situation?

7. Which two courses of action might be adopted in order that the environmental doom may be averted?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 5

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THE ATTACK ON BRITAIN'S ENVIRONMENT. Most of the western nations have the same basic envi­ronmental problems, but they take different forms in each country. Here you can read about some of the dangers fac­ing Britain's environment.

One of Britain's environmental successes has been the control of air pollution, especially in London. Thirty years ago hundreds of people died every year from the dreadful London smogs. Since then London and many other cities have become smokeless zones, areas where no coal fires are allowed. But now the increase in traffic is threatening se­rious air pollution in our cities again.

However, the commonest air pollution comes from the cigarette smoke which pollutes many public places, like cin­emas, pubs and restaurants. Though cigarette advertise­ments are not allowed on TV or radio, you can still see them on posters in cinemas and in newspapers and magazines. The advertisements don't tell you that doctors believe ciga­rettes cause 30.000 deaths in Britain every year.

Traffic and aircraft can cause serious noise pollution. Air-crafts are very noisy when they take off and the noise spreads over a wide area. Heathrow airport, near London, is the busiest airport in the world. Planes are only allowed to take off and land at Heathrow between six in the morn­ing and eleven at night, but during the day fifty planes take off and land there every hour.

There has been bad pollution of Britain's rivers, and the government has tried hard to stop it. There are now strict laws against water pollution, though it still quite often hap­pens incidentally. Britain and France share the problem of oil pollution from the Channel. This has caused great damage to beaches and wildlife.

The need for new roads causes great environmental difficulties. They often spoil the countryside and bring noise and pollution to thousands of homes. Since 1958 the pollu­tion of Britain has increased by 11% but the number of cars increased by 400%.

There are now only about thirty metres of road for each car in Britain, so we'll have to build more expensive motor­ways which damage the environment.

Cars cause other problems too: thousands of people die in car accidents; car parks use valuable space in towns and cities; cars use a lot of our limited amount of oil. Unfortunately, it's difficult to do anything about all this because cars play an important part in the lives of many families, and the car industry employs large numbers of people.

Friends of the Earth suggest that the bicycle is the best way to travel because it's cheap, quiet and riding it keeps you healthy. However, there are far fewer cyclists in Britain than in some other European countries, so our roads aren't built for cycling. It can be dangerous to cycle in large cities as British motorists don't seem to notice cyclists. Some people think that only buses and bicycles should be allowed in our city centres

MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE. Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a fairly complex nature. Man, like every other living organ­ism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food and shelter. On the other hand, the bio­sphere is strongly affected by all sorts of human activity.

Technology powerfully amplifies the effects of human beings on the biosphere. Prehistoric man withdrew from the atmosphere only the oxygen he required for respira­tion; technological man consumes a far greater amount of oxygen to support fires, power plants and chemical pro­cesses. The carbon dioxide produced by technological processes has measurably altered the carbon dioxide con­centration in the atmosphere. Apart from the amplification of such natural processes in the biosphere, technology has introduced into the biosphere substances wholly new to it; man-made radio-isotopes and a wide variety of synthetic materials such as plastics, insecticides, herbicides and nu­merous industrial materials. These, too, alter the biosphere.

The problem has already been discussed at a large number of conferences, some of them sponsored by the UN. However, relatively little has so far been done to check en­vironmental pollution.

TWO COURSES OF ACTION. The problem of the environment crisis has recently as­sumed global proportions. Both scientists and politicians agree that unless some radical steps are taken before long, life on our planet may be irrevocably damaged if not de­stroyed altogether. It seems therefore worth while to con­sider the fundamental conflict which, underlies the surface manifestations of the present crisis. For there undoubtedly exists a conflict, an incompatibility between the tenets of an industrial society and those of ecology.

Industry is bound to expand continuously, all ecological systems tend toward stability and equilibrium.

There seems to be at least two general courses of action which might be adopted in order that the environmental doom may be averted.

One would be to curb the dynamics of industrial develop­ment; the other — to turn technology to the construction of physiologically and socially healthy environment. The former possibility being highly unrealistic, the latter one seems to be the only path to follow.

Erosion is the modern symptom of maladjustment between human society and its environment.Men are permitted to domi­nate Nature on precisely the same conditions as trees and plants, namely on condition that they improve the soil and leave it a little better for their posterity than they found it. Agriculture in Europe, whatever its other weaknesses, has been, and perhaps still is, a practice tending on the whole to increase its fertility. The illusion that fertility can always be restored by applying some of the huge amounts of artificial fertilizers now available has been shattered by the recognition that fertility is not merely a matter of plant-food supply, but it is also closely connected with soil stability. An exhausted soil is an unstable soil. Nature has no further use for it and removes it bodily. Whereas under normal conditions a fraction of an inch of soil may become ex­hausted and be removed in a century, under human control the entire depth of soil may become exhausted and be eroded in a few years.