5. Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. Important progress has been made since then.

2. It is to a nuclear instrument that we owe our knowledge of the composition of the moon's surface.

3. Scientists of many countries have been working hard for more than a century to find out the secret of the atom.

4. Any fuel-burning station has two major problems to solve in securing efficiency.

5. Major commercial atomic power stations are already operat­ing in some countries.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What does successful solving of the electrification problems in a coun­try influence to?

2. Are there any problems at fuel-burning stations?

3. What opened the era of the peaceful use of nuclear energy for generating electricity?

4. What is the main element of the atomic power plant?

5. For what purpose do metallurgists use atomic instruments?

6. What is a very promising field for outer space energetics?

7. What does an atom consist of?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 18

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY. From the earliest times, men have observed most strik­ing changes that take place in nature and have made accidental discoveries of great value. Many of the substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to the ancients, but there are no historical records of their discovery. Glass, for example, has been known for over 3,000 years. Soap was also made in the earliest times.

Directed experimentation appeared with the rise of al­chemy. The alchemists sought things which were supposed to lead to happiness — health and riches. They wanted to change the common metals into gold hoping to do this with the help of a mysterious substance, called the philoso­pher's stone. But gold without health is of little value, so a search was made for the elixir of life which could bring back glorious youth to the aged. The alchemists studied every­thing available, mixed things together, and heated and distilled them when possible. Many important discoveries were made as a result of eager search by the alchemists for what was unattainable, and some of the processes used today in chemistry were invented. They refer repeatedly to distillation, extraction, calcination, coagulation, etc. They prepared and studied many of the compounds which are commonly used in chemical work. Among these are sulphu­ric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, alum, soda, ammonium chloride, niter, and compounds of mercury, arsenic and antimony. But selfish and utilitarian motives which guided the alchemists could not lead to the development of a science.

Chemistry was born as a science only at that time when a desire on the part of man to learn the truth about the wonders of nature appeared.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS. The characteristic property of a gas is that of diffusion; a gas distributes itself uniformly in any space into which it is put; its volume is determined by the volume of the vessel which contains it. Gases are very compressible; a relatively small change in volume in which they expand when heated is great compared with that of liquids and solids.

Liquids are characterized by possessing a definite volume but no fixed form; they take the shape of the vessel containing them, except when in minute quanti­ties, as drops, they assume a form more or less spheri­cal. According to the kinetic theory, the molecules of a liquid are packed close together and attract one another; the attraction is not great enough, however, to prevent their motion. There is not much free space between the molecules, because liquids are very incompressible — a great pressure has little effect in decreasing the volume of a liquid.

Solids possess a definite form. According to the ki­netic theory the molecules are closely packed, and the attraction between them is great enough to prevent free motion. It is possible in a solid, therefore, to have a definite arrangement of the molecules which remains fixed; this is seen in the fact that many solids assume definite forms which are characteristic. For example, when sodium chloride separates from a solution in wat­er, it appears as cubes. Other substances appear in other geometric forms. The study of the forms of crystals has developed into a science called crystallography, a knowledge of which is of service to the chemist.

MATTER AND ENERGY. Before considering the modern views in regard to composition of atoms, it is advisable to review briefly the concepts of matter and energy which are fundamen­tal in all branches of science. A strictly accurate de­finition of matter is difficult to formulate. Our experience and common sense furnish us with a conception of mat­ter. Matter occupies space; it has inertia, that is, it requires force to set it in motion; it is the stuff of which the universe is made. Energy, on the other hand, is nonmaterial; we become conscious of it only when it is associated with matter.

A stone held in the air is different from the same stone resting on the earth; for by allowing the former to drop we can obtain work from it, drive a nail, or crush grain. The stone held away from the earth is said to have potential energy, it gives it up when it falls; and to raise it from the earth back to its original posi­tion, work must be done upon it. Energy manifests itself in work. We are familiar with other forms of energy — heat, light, electrical energy, nuclear energy and sound.

Matter and energy are always associated. When any change occurs, there is always a change in the energy; there may or may not be a change in the matter. From this point of view, we can define physical and chemical change; if the change consists solely in energy it is physical, if the matter changes it is chemical.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER. All scientists are concerned with matter in its various forms. The biologist studies living matter and its pro­cesses, the chemist studies the multitude of compounds of which matter is comprised, the geologist studies the changes which have taken place in the matter that forms the earth's crust, the physicist studies the relations be­tween energy and matter and the ultimate nature of matter, etc.

Actually, all human activities are associated in some way with matter. The history of the progress of civ­ilization is largely an account of man's increasing knowledge of matter. In prehistoric times he gradually learned to use wood, stone, then iron. In the modern period, our food, clothing, buildings, communications, transportation, and virtually all aspects of life depend on our increased understanding of matter. Since matter is the basic working material in our world, we ought to learn as much as possible about it.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. accidental discoveries of great value

2. eager search

3. for what was unattainable

4. on the part of man

5. are closely packed

6. a definite arrangement of the molecules

7. of service to the chemist

8. in regard to composition of atoms

9. furnish us with a conception of mat­ter

10. the same stone resting on the earth