3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. не представляет собой большую ценность

2. философский камень

3. эликсир молодости

4. с этой точки зрения

5. некоторым образом ассоциируется с материей

6. принимать форму

7. за исключением случаев, когда

8. уменьшение объема жидкости

9. самые поразительные изменения, которые происходят в природе

10. абсолютно точное определение

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, обозначьте словообразовательную морфему (приставка, корень, суффикс) либо дополнительный корень при словосложении и переведите слова на русский язык:

1. compress

2. form

3. relative

4. serve

5. character

6. history

7. fundament

8. definite

9. grade

10. compose

5. Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. Glass, for example, has been known for over 3,000 years.

2. The study of the forms of crystals has developed into a science called crystallography, a knowledge of which is of service to the chemist.

3. When any change occurs, there is always a change in the energy.

4. These are the most strik­ing changes in nature that have made man make discoveries of great value.

5. Many important discoveries were made as a result of eager search by the alchemists for what was unattainable, and some of the processes used today in chemistry were invented.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to the ancients?

2. What chemical processes did alchemists use?

3. When was chemistry born as a science?

4. What form do solids possess?

5. What science deals with the study of the forms of crystals?

6. Why is it important to review the concepts of matter and energy?

7. How are scientist concerned with matter?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 19

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

WATER POLLUTION. 1. Oil. Oil floats on water and does not dissolve in it. If a big oil tanker loses some oil in the sea, sea-birds and fish are killed and beaches are polluted.

Fuel oil contains sulphur. When oil is burnt in industry, sulphur dioxide is formed. This combines with water par­ticles in the atmosphere and falls as rain. This rain is dilute sulphuric acid. In some countries, such as Norway and Sweden, the soil does not contain enough of the alkalis which are needed to neutralise this acid. So the fish in many Scandinavian lakes and rivers are poisoned by high acid concentrations in the water.

2. Poisonous chemicals. Mercury is used as a catalyst in the production of plastics and is also needed in the paper industry. After use, it is pumped out with the other industrial waste. But mercury is highly poisonous. In Japan, people have died after eating fish from mercury-polluted water. Mercury is only one example of a chemical poison in water; sadly, there are many others.

3. Sewage. In many cases, sewage is treated and broken down in sewage plants before it is pumped back into lakes, rivers and seas. But it is often returned untreated. Water can usually clean itself of organic waste, but this process takes a long time. In some areas, too much untreated sewage is pumped out and the water never gets clean.

4. Radio-active substances. Some freshwater organisms have very high concentrations of strontium and other dangerous radio-active sub­stances. This may be caused by the industrial use of atomic energy or by fall-out from atomic tests.

There are many other ways in which water is being polluted, by detergents and insecticides, for example. We are slowly poisoning our most important natural resource.

'Water is your life - keep it clean!'

THE WEATHER. People are most interested in the weather in countries where the climate is varied and uncertain. Human lives often depend on weather condi­tions. But how much do you know about the causes of different kinds of weather?

1. What makes the wind blow?

The pressure of the atmosphere varies all the time. Air increases in volume as the temperature rises, and so a cubic metre of cold air is heavier than the same volume of warm air. As warm air is lighter, it rises. It is displaced at lower levels by colder air which moves in. Wind is simply the move­ment of air between high and low pressure areas. The bigger the difference between the pressures, the stronger the wind is. Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.

2. How are clouds formed?

The moisture in the atmosphere is pro­duced by the evaporation of water and by the breathing of living things. As water vapour is lighter than air, it rises. It goes on rising until it condenses. Then it can be seen in the form of clouds. The process of condensation continues until the water be­comes too heavy to stay in the air and it falls as rain.

3. How is snow formed?

Currents of very cold air make the water vapour in clouds freeze. The clouds then consist of minute particles of ice. But these ice particles remain lighter than air until the temperature falls below a certain point. Then they combine, become heavier, and fall as snow. Snowflakes are crystals with a beautiful, patterned structure.

4 What is lightning?

Lightning is a sudden discharge of elec­tricity from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth. The same sort of effect can be produced by connecting the positive and negative terminals of a storage battery. This creates a short circuit and a violent spark is discharged. Lightning from the sky is produced in the same way, usually between clouds with opposite electrical charges.

TWO VITAL ELEMENTS. What is the most common element on earth? How can it be produced? What have wood, alcohol and plastics in common? This text answers these questions.

In the late 18th century, a scientist called Joseph Priestley prepared oxygen by con­centrating the sun's rays through a lens on mercuric oxide. Oxygen had probably been produced many times before but Priestley was the first to recognise it. There is, in fact, more oxygen on earth than any other single element. About 20% of the volume of the atmosphere is oxygen; nine tenths of the weight of water is oxygen; 65 % of the weight of the human body is oxygen.

Oxygen is vital to life; it is needed by the body cells of all animals. It is also very useful in industry. The method Priestley used produces only small quantities. The large amounts needed for industry are pro­duced in a different way. Air is put into containers under great pressure. This turns it into liquid and makes it very cold. It is then gradually warmed up and each sub­stance evaporates at a different tempera­ture. The boiling point of oxygen is - 183°C. It is caught and stored in strong steel cylinders at a pressure of 136 atmo­spheres. The process is known as fractional distillation.

Carbon appears in many forms and, like oxygen, it is a very important element. Carbon dioxide is needed by plants to make sugars. The energy which is stored in plants by this process is the basis of all forms of life. There are more carbon com­pounds than all other chemical compounds together. This is because carbon atoms have special properties. They can connect to each other in rings and long chains to form very large molecules. They can also combine with most other elements. Wood, wool, rubber, oil, soap, alcohol and plastics are all examples of carbon compounds in everyday use. Even diamond, the hardest known natural substance, is a carbon compound. In addition, 18% of the weight of the human body is carbon. Carbon chemistry is usually called organic chemistry - the chemistry of life.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. poisonous chemicals

2. by fall-out from atomic tests

3. minute particles of ice

4. crystals with a patterned structure

5. a sudden discharge of elec­tricity

6. positive and negative terminals of a storage battery

7. a violent spark

8. in the late 18th century

9. through a lens on mercuric oxide

10. vital to life