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2 Extraction andPurication ofInulin
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3
Inulin: AVersatile Polymer forDrug
Delivery System
PankajSharma, T.YunusPasha, T.NagaAparna,
GokulakannanSingaram, MrunalK.Shirsat, VinodKumar,
andGauravTiwari
Abstract
Inulin is an excellent option for drug administration because of its unique and
exible structure, stabilizing and protective qualities, and ability to be specic to
certain organs compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides. The three
hydroxyl groups attached to every fructose molecule serve as anchors for any
modications made to the sugar. Bioavailability and cellular absorption are
therefore improved, and medications and biomolecules can be delivered in a
planned, continuous, and regulated way. This chapter’s primary focus is on inulin
medicine delivery methods, which include hydrogel, microparticles, micelles,
P. Sharma
Department of Pharmaceutics, ShriRam College of Pharmacy,
Morena, Madhya Pradesh, India
T. Y. Pasha
Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri
University, Mandya, Karnataka, India
T. N. Aparna
Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Telangana, India
G. Singaram
Department of Community Medicine, Vinayaka Mission’s Homoeopathic Medical College &
Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (DU), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
M. K. Shirsat
RMP Balchandra College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
V. Kumar
SoMAS, G D Goenka University, Gurugram, Sohna, Haryana, India
G. Tiwari (*)
PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: drgauravtiwari@psit.ac.in
54
conjugates, liposomes, prodrugs, complexes, and solid dispersion. The produc-
tion process and applications of the several inulin drug delivery techniques are
covered in further detail. This work highlights the viability of using modied
inulin as adaptable scaffolding for various drug delivery systems.
Keywords
Inulin · Drug carriers · Drug delivery · Nanoparticles · Prodrugs · Micelles
3.1 Introduction
In the eld of pharmaceutical delivery systems, the use of naturally occurring poly-
saccharides is becoming more popular because synthetic polymers have been asso-
ciated with unfavorable results such as instability, expensive chemical modications,
poor mechanical properties, poor receptor targeting, biological degradation, and
elimination (Tardif etal. 2017). Among the various requirements for the best drug
delivery systems that natural polysaccharides may satisfy are selectivity and secrecy
(Liu etal. 2008). Unlike synthetic polymers, natural polymers are nontoxic and
biodegradable. Inulin is an extremely abundant storing fructan polysaccharide that
may be found naturally in a variety of plants, including dahlia, chicory, and
Jerusalem artichoke, as well as fruits, vegetables, and grains, including garlic,
bananas, leeks, onions, and wheat (Mensink etal. 2015a).
Genetically modied potatoes are an important source of inulin and enzyme pro-
duction (Mutanda etal. 2014). The chemical structure of inulin is made up of a
straight line from a carbohydrate unit to the reduction point of fructose units. There
are between 2 and 60 fructose units in total. The length of the chain and polydisper-
sity varies depending on the plant species and harvest time. The physical and chemi-
cal characteristics of the polymers are determined by the rate of polymerization and
the degree of branching in the fructan (Akram etal. 2019a). Inulin is a versatile
polymer with applications in medicine delivery, largely because of its exible back-
bone. The molecular structure of inulin allows the polymer chain to reorganize into
a multitude of forms and increases its mobility (Mensink etal. 2015b). This trans-
lates into architectural adaptability, which enhances inulin’s appeal and usefulness
as an item with several applications.
The applications of inulin in food and medicine have been the subject of an
increasing amount of research in recent years. Since the US Food and Drug
Administration recognized the grain’s generally regarded as safe status in 2002,
research into inulin’s possible applications appears to have benetted (Kruger
2002). The applications of inulin in food have already been studied; therefore we
won’t go into that here (Mensink etal. 2015a). To the best of our knowledge, only a
few studies that address inulin’s possible use in medicine among other topics have
been published.
According to reports, fructans block vesicle fusion and enhance lamellar gap by
the polymer penetrating deeply among the layers (Vereyken et al. 2003). This
P. Sharma et al.
55
process explains how fructans preserve membranes during drying. Because of its
exible and linear backbone, inulin has shown to be more effective than numerous
other polysaccharides for stabilizing peptides and lipid-based systems for delivery
(Hinrichs etal. 2005).
It has been the “standard of perfection” for assessing renal function for about
60years because the tiny molecules of soluble inulin are largely rapidly elimi-
nated by the kidneys, making them an advantageous instrument for guring out
glomerular blood ltration rates (Marteau etal. 2011). The polysaccharide inulin
has an intense preference for the kidneys, making it a viable delivery system for
medications that target the kidneys. Several investigations have demonstrated
how inulin has a potent potential to target both the kidney and the colon. The
variety and presence of the bacterial population that inhabits the various organs
of the digestive system are utilized by medications aimed toward the colon. This
is the basic theory underlying the use of polysaccharides broken down by colonic
bacteria as a suitable colon-aiming carrier (López-Molina etal. 2005). Inulin is
particularly desirable for this use because it is not absorbed or digested in the
upper alimentary tract but rather is extensively hydrolyzed by inulinases pro-
duced by Bidobacterium in the colon (Zabot etal. 2016; Barclay etal. 2016;
Dan etal. 2009a). More linear long-chain polysaccharide (LLP) inulin is unable
to dissolve than inulin with a lesser quantity of LLP. By changing its chain length,
inulin’s solubility may be modied, which can subsequently be used for particu-
late administration techniques (long-chain inulin is insoluble) or renal and kid-
ney function testing (short-chain inulin is soluble). Currently, inulin is used in
several medication administration methods. Various medication delivery meth-
ods include solid dispersion, micelles, conjugates/prodrugs, hydrogel, inulin
complex/chelating, liposomes, and microparticles and nanoparticles (Zhao etal.
2011; Shang etal. 2010).
This chapter aims to provide a summary of the present uses of inulin in pharma-
ceuticals for drug delivery, taking into account its physicochemical properties. Uses
such as protein stability, altered delivery of drugs (dissolution rate increase and drug
targeting), and inulin’s physiological and disease-modifying properties will all be
covered.
3.2 Inulin-Based Drug Formulations
Nevertheless, there aren’t any thorough researches that concentrate on the many
kinds of drug delivery carriers, such conjugates, hydrogels, made from altered inu-
lin, liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, and microparticles (Fig. 3.1). Enhancing
medication bioavailability, as well as effectiveness, and preventing signicant
adverse drug responses are crucial goals. Medication degradation must also be min-
imized. Drug delivery has improved, which reduces toxicities, increases adherence
among patients, and gives pharmaceutical businesses a chance to sell new medica-
tions. Scientists in the eld of medicine will have a better understanding of the
application of inulin-based materials after reading a chapter on these delivery
methods.
3 Inulin: AVersatile Polymer forDrug Delivery System