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106
deliver drugs specically to target receptors, resulting in enhanced uptake of the
drugs by tumor cells. Therefore, they can be regarded as possible nanocarriers for
lipophilic anticancer medicines in tumor cells that express the biotin receptor, yield-
ing positive outcomes (Mandracchia etal. 2017). Research has shown that polyure-
thanes can be produced from inulin and polycaprolactone. These polyurethanes
have proven to be safe and effective in treating breast cancer. They can be used as
clip markers and as intelligent drug release matrices for targeted drug delivery. This
makes them highly versatile for delivering drugs specically to tumor cells. Several
researches have documented the production of a squalene-grafted inulin copolymer.
This copolymer is amphiphilic, meaning it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
properties. It is formed by combining a squalenoyl derivative with semitelechelic
aldehyde ending PEG chains, which have a molecular weight of 2000. Despite the
absence of signicant changes in activity, these tumor cell lines demonstrate
enhanced effectiveness of doxorubicin, resulting in the maximal suppression of
potential side effects (Molina etal. 2020).
5.7.3 MRI Diagnosis
The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) including magnetite (Fe
3
O
4
) and
maghemite(γ-Fe
2
O
3
) of various sizes and coating materials are used as T2 contrast
agents in magnetic resonance imaging: the efciency of this MRI in diagnosing
acute hepatic failure was studied. A Fe-Si-In (a superparamagnetic nanocomposite
with core of Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticle encapsulated with a nonporous silica inner shell/
carboxymethyl inulin (CMI) outer shell) was developed, and it exhibits excellent
biocompatibility that has desirable magnetic properties; with this they showed suc-
cessful diagnosis of acute liver failure by MRI (Kermanian etal. 2021).
5.7.4 Medicine
The researchers created microparticles made of hydrophobic acetylated inulin poly-
mer. These microparticles were used as a powerful agent that served two functions:
delivering antigens and modulating the immune response. It has been discovered
that this method improves the administration of vaccines to the targeted area by
using a simpler formulation design. This helps the vaccine overcome the obstacles
faced by traditional vaccinations (Gallovic etal. 2016).
Studies have shown that rosmarinic acid-loaded inulin (quaternized) microgels
have demonstrated highly effective responses as drug delivery systems. These
microgels are both biodegradable and biocompatible, and they possess increased
capacity for drug release, controlled drug loading, and an improved porous structure
with adjustable size. Therefore, these substances show promising prospects for
being utilized as controlled drug release mechanisms in improved drug delivery
devices with multiple applications (Sahiner and Sagbas 2014).
S. Mishra et al.
107
5.7.5 Bioremediation
This was recently found that magnetic nanoparticles have great potential for appli-
cations in protein and enzyme immobilization, as well as their purication. The
investigations showed that the inulinase enzyme is immobilized by magnetic lectin
afnity nanoparticles, leading to the creation of inulin-immobilized magnetic
nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were then used in the production of high- fructose
syrup. Therefore, demonstrating its efcacy and utilization in integrating this immo-
bilized magnetic nanoparticle into several immobilization processes, thereby facili-
tating various industrial processes (Kilimci et al. 2021). A study revealed that
fructose synthesis can be accomplished by immobilizing inulinase using multi-
walled carbon nanotubes coated with 3-aminopropyl-trithoxysilane to provide
amino-terminated surfaces that are suitable for inulinase immobilization. It was dis-
covered that the inulinase, when immobilized, retains 28% of its residual activity
after ten consecutive cycles of inulin hydrolysis, which is important for fructose
synthesis (Singh etal. 2019).
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5 Inulin asaCoating Agent
113
6
Inulin asaPrebiotic andIts Effect onGut
Microbiota
AmitAnand, SanthepeteNanjundiahManjula,
NeerajKumarFuloria, HimanshuSharma,
andKenganoraMruthunjaya
Abstract
One of the most important factors in preserving host health and well-being is the
human gut microbiota. Prebiotics, which are dietary components that specically
promote the growth and activity of benecial bacteria in the gut, have garnered
increasing attention in recent times. Among these, inulin, a naturally occurring
polysaccharide, has emerged as a prominent prebiotic candidate due to its unique
properties and potential health benets. This chapter provides a comprehensive
overview of the current state of knowledge regarding inulin as a prebiotic and its
intricate interactions with the gut microbiota. The processes behind inulin’s pre-
biotic action are then thoroughly examined, with an emphasis on how it can
specically encourage the growth of advantageous bacterial strains like lactoba-
cilli and bidobacteria. The impact of inulin on microbial diversity, community
structure, and functional metabolism within the gut ecosystem is discussed,
A. Anand · K. Mruthunjaya (*)
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher
Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: Kmruthunjaya@jssuni.edu.in
S. N. Manjula
Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher
Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: snmanjula@jssuni.edu.in
N. K. Fuloria
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling
Campus, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
e-mail: nfuloria@aimst.edu.my
H. Sharma
Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University,
Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
114
emphasising its potential to modulate the balance between health-promoting and
pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the chapter explores the diverse phys-
iological effects of inulin on the host. Special attention is given to the emerging
evidence linking inulin consumption to improvements in metabolic health,
inammation, and the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. In conclusion, the
chapter consolidates current knowledge on the multifaceted roles of inulin as a
prebiotic and its profound inuence on the composition and functionality of the
gut microbiota. Understanding these intricate interactions provides valuable
insights into the potential therapeutic applications of inulin in promoting gut
health and preventing associated diseases, paving the way for future research
directions and clinical interventions in the eld of microbiome-targeted nutrition.
Keywords
Microbiota · Prebiotics · Polysaccharides · Microbiome · Ecosystem
Abbreviations
CEE Central and East European
FODMAPs Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols
FOS Fructooligosaccharides
ISAPP International Scientic Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics
PD Parkinson’s disease
PSD Poststroke depression
SCFAs Short-chain fatty acids
6.1 Introduction
Because of the benecial effects of inulin on gut microbiota and its function as a
prebiotic, inulin is a form of soluble dietary bre that has drawn a lot of interest.
Prebiotics are indigestible substances that specically encourage the development
and activity of good bacteria in the digestive system (Vandeputte et al. 2017).
Bananas, onions, garlic, chicory roots, and other plants naturally contain inulin. Due
to its distinct structure, which consists of fructose units connected by β-2,1-
glycosidic linkages, it is difcult for the upper gastrointestinal system to digest. As
undigested inulin travels to the colon, it serves as a substrate for benecial bacteria
that live in the gut. Studies reveal that inulin specically promotes the growth of
lactobacilli and bidobacteria, two healthy components of the gut microbiota. These
bacteria are essential for maintaining gut health because they produce short-chain
fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate. SCFAs not only sup-
ply energy to colonocytes but also enhance the overall well-being of the gastrointes-
tinal tract. Additionally, the process by which these benecial bacteria break down
inulin results in substances that promote immune system regulation, decreased
inammatory response, and enhanced intestinal barrier performance. Moreover,
A. Anand et al.
115
inulin has been connected to improved absorption of minerals, particularly calcium
and magnesium, and a reduction in the number of harmful bacteria in the stomach
(Le Bastard etal. 2020). Consuming foods rich in inulin or taking inulin supple-
ments has been linked to several health benets, including increased satiety,
improved bowel regularity, and potential therapy of metabolic disorders. Individual
reactions to inulin can differ, though, and some people may experience gastrointes-
tinal distress if they consume too much of it. It is a potentially useful component for
supporting general gut health and treating specic medical problems due to its
capacity to increase SCFA production and support a healthy gut microbial commu-
nity. When introducing inulin-rich foods or supplements into one’s diet, moderation
is crucial, and individual tolerance should be considered. This also applies to all
dietary components (De Wiele etal. 2004). A fructose-based polysaccharide found
in nature, inulin is made up of linear chains of β-2,1-linked fructose units that are
terminated by a glucose molecule. The β-conguration and glycosidic bonding
between fructose units dene the chemical structure of inulin. There might be varia-
tions in the chain length depending on the quantity of fructose units. Longer-chain
inulin polymers and short-chain inulin oligomers are two types of inulin variations.
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are short-chain inulin oligomers that contain 2–10
fructose units. Inulin is a naturally occurring fructose-based polysaccharide com-
posed of linear chains of β-2,1-linked fructose units ended by a glucose molecule.
The chemical structure of inulin is determined by the glycosidic bonding between
fructose units and the β-conguration.
6.1.1 Background
A naturally occurring polysaccharide that may be found in a variety of plants, inulin
has gained prominence as a prebiotic with important implications for gut health.
Since inulin is not digested, it enters the colon undamaged and provides a substrate
for the development and function of good gut ora. Because of its structure, which
consists of fructose units joined by β-2,1-glycosidic linkages, it is difcult for the
upper gastrointestinal tract to digest (Alexiou etal. 2008). Inulin specically pro-
motes the growth of lactobacilli and bidobacteria, two types of good bacteria, in
the colon. These microorganisms are essential to the fermentation of inulin, which
results in the byproduct of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs, in particular
acetate, propionate, and butyrate, support gut health in a number of ways, such as
by giving colonocytes an energy source and regulating immunological responses
(Glibowski and Pikus 2011). Studies show that the prebiotic qualities of inulin are
linked to enhanced gut barrier performance, decreased inammatory response, and
suppression of harmful microorganisms. Consuming inulin has also been connected
to other health advantages like improved mineral absorption and possible metabolic
control. Increasing body of research highlights the potential therapeutic applica-
tions of inulin in controlling specic health disorders, as well as its role as a promis-
ing dietary component for promoting a healthy, balanced gut microbiota and general
gastrointestinal well-being (Akram etal. 2019).
6 Inulin asaPrebiotic andIts Eect onGut Microbiota